The Stigma of Poverty: A Critique of Poverty Theories and Policies

achievement American society analysis approach argued attitudes basic century Chapter characteristic class child class children class value Cloward Cohen concept concern crime criminal criticism cultural perspective culturalists culture of poverty delinquent subculture derived develop discussed economic effects emphasis example explanation fact families federal focal concerns goals Goffman ideology income indicate individual integration internalized involved lower class culture maintains major Matza means test ment mental illness Merton middle class middle class culture Miller moral Moynihan niacin non-poor norms organization Oscar Lewis patterns of behavior percent persons Poor Laws population position problem programs Reaganomics recipients relief response result schizophrenia Schweinitz situational perspective situationalists slum social class social policy social services social structure social welfare sociologists Speenhamland status stigma of poverty suggests tion types unemployment value system variables W. I. Thomas whereas white-collar crime Woodroofe York