Biogeography: An Ecological and Evolutionary Approach

able adapted adaptive radiation Africa allele animals and plants Arctic areas Asia Australia barriers become biome birds blue chaffinch Britain British Isles carnivores Chalkhill blue Chapter climatic changes climax community cold colonize competition continental continents Cretaceous cycads deciduous deserts distribution domesticated East ecological niches ecological succession ecosystem effects environment environmental Eurasia Europe evolved example extinction factors fauna feeding Figure flora flowering plants forest fossil genera glacial glaciers Gondwanaland gradient grassland groups habitat Hawaiian herbivores humidity insects island isolated land larvae Laurasia layer limited living Lower mammals marsupials Mesozoic metres microhabitats mountain North America northern number of species nutrients occupied occur ocean organisms patterns period Permian placentals plant species plants and animals Pleistocene population predators probably range regions result rock seeds soil South southern spread surface survive temperate temperature Tertiary tion trees tropical types vegetation wind woodland