to the investigation of Mathematical truth, will come to all other questions with a decided advantage over his opponents. He will be in argument what the ancient Romans were in the field; to them the day of battle was a day of comparative recreation; because they were ever accustomed to exercise with arms much heavier than they fought with; and their reviews differed from a real battle in two respects, they encountered more fatigue, but the victory was bloodless.-Lacon.

187.

The Mathematics are either pure or mixed. To the pure Mathematics are those sciences belonging which handle quantity determinate, merely severed from any axioms of natural philosophy; and these are two, Geometry, and Arithmetic; the one handling quantity continued, and the other dissevered. Mixed hath for subject some axioms or parts of natural philosophy, and considereth quantity determined, as it is auxiliary and incident unto them. For many parts of nature can neither be invented with sufficient subtilty, nor demonstrated with sufficient perspicuity, nor accommodated unto use with sufficient dexterity, without the aid and intervening of the Mathematics; of which sort are perspective, music, astronomy, cosmography, architecture, enginery, and divers others.

In the Mathematics I can report no deficience, except it be that men do not sufficiently understand the excellent use of the pure Mathematics, in that they do remedy and cure many defects in the wit and faculties intellectual. For, if the wit be dull, they sharpen it; if too wandering, they fix it; if too inherent in the sense, they abstract it. So that as tennis is a game of no use in itself, but of great use in respect that it maketh a quick eye, and a body ready to put itself into all postures; so in the Mathematics, that use which is collateral and inter

venient, is no less worthy than that which is principal and intended. And as for the mixed Mathematics, I may only make this prediction, that there cannot fail to be more kinds of them, as nature grows further disclosed.-Bacon.

188.

The Principles of Natural Philosophy are the Principles of common sense.-Professor Daniel.

189.

Elementary Mechanics should now form a part of intellectual education, in order that the student may understand the theory of universal gravitation: for our intellectual education should cultivate such ideas as enable the student to understand the most complete and admirable portions of the knowledge which the human race has attained to.-Dr Whewell.

190.

Some dispositions evince an unbounded admiration for antiquity, others eagerly embrace novelty; and but few can preserve the just medium, so as neither to tear up what the ancients have correctly laid down, nor to despise the just innovations of the moderns. But this is very prejudicial to the sciences and philosophy, and instead of a correct judgment, we have but the factions of the ancients and moderns. Truth is not to be sought in the good fortune of any particular juncture of time which is uncertain, but in the light of nature and experience which is eternal.-Bacon.

191.

Men of strong minds, and who think for themselves, should not be discouraged on finding occasionally that some of their best ideas have been anticipated by former writers; they will neither anathematize others with a "pereant qui ante nos nostra dixerint,” nor despair themselves. They will rather go on in science, like John Hunter in physics,

discovering things before discovered, until, like him, they are rewarded with a terra hitherto incognita in the sciences, an empire indisputably their own, both by right of conquest and of discovery. They must not, however, be disappointed if their discoveries like his be unappreciated by their day.-Lacon.

192.

It would be madness and inconsistency, to suppose that things, which have never yet been performed, can be performed without employing some hitherto untried means.-Bacon.

193.

Art and science differ. The object of science is knowledge; the objects of art are works.— Dr Whewell.

194.

We know the effects of many things, but the causes of few; experience, therefore, is a surer guide than imagination, and inquiry than conjecture. But those physical difficulties which you cannot account for, be very slow to arraign, for he that would be wiser than nature, would be wiser than God.— Lacon.

195.

It is a test of true theories not only to account for, but to predict phænomena.-Dr Whewell.

196.

A really useful induction for the discovery and demonstration of the arts and sciences should separate nature by proper rejections and exclusions, and then conclude for the affirmative after collecting a sufficient number of negatives.-Bacon.

197.

That which is most useful in practice is most correct in theory.-Bacon.

198.

The Logic of Induction consists in stating the facts and the inference in such a manner, that the

evidence of the inference is manifest; just as the Logic of Deduction consists in stating the premises and the conclusion in such a manner that the evidence of the conclusion is manifest.-Dr Whewell. 199.

The mathematical postulate, that " things which are equal to the same are equal to one another," is similar to the form of the syllogism in logic, which unites things agreeing in the middle term.-Bacon.

200.

The art of reasoning which a judicious logic affords, is not so much the art of acquiring knowledge, as the art of communicating it to others, or recording it in the manner that may be most profitable for our own future advancement.—Brown.

201.

Those grave sciences, logic and rhetoric, the one for judgment, the other for ornament, do suppose the learner ripe for both; else it is, as if one should learn to weigh, or measure, or to paint the wind. Those arts are the rules and directions how to set forth and dispose the matter: and if the mind be empty thereof, if it have not gathered that which Cicero calleth sylva and supellex, stuff and variety; to begin with those arts, it doth work but this effect, that the wisdom of those arts, which is great and universal, will be made almost contemptible, and degenerate into childish sophistry.-Bacon.

202.

To get up by memory a metaphysical theory is as useless as any other acquisition of mere words; but to test a theory by the individual's own experience, and only to accept it as a truth when he finds that it supplies him with a key to the secrets of his own mind, is a scientific method of attaining self-knowledge, which no thoughtful man should despise.

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203.

The science of jurisprudence is certainly the most honourable occupation of the understanding, because it is the most immediately subservient to the general safety and comfort.-Sir James Mackintosh.

204.

All history is only the precepts of Moral Philosophy reduced into examples. Moral Philosophy is divided into two parts, ethics and politics; the first instructs us in our private offices of virtue, the second in those which relate to the management of the commonwealth.-Dryden.

205.

Observe diligently things past, because they throw great light upon things to come; since it happens, that the world will always be of the same nature, and that all which is, and shall be, hath been before; because the same things do return, but under divers names and colours. And yet not every man doth know them again, but only one who is wise, and doth consider them diligently.Guicciardini.

206.

The difference between a great mind's and a little mind's use of history is this. The latter would consider, for instance, what Luther did, taught, or sanctioned; the former, what Luther,―a Luther,would now do, teach, and sanction.-S. T. Coleridge. 207.

A writer who builds his arguments upon facts, is not easily to be confuted. He is not to be answered by general assertions or general reproaches. He may want eloquence to amuse or persuade; but, speaking truth, he must always convince.-Letters of Junius.

208.

In reading histories, carry an indifferent affec