The Closed Shop in Britain: A Human Rights Issue

accepted Admiralty shipyards agree agreement Allen alternative labour force Amalgamated Engineering Union apprenticeship ratio areas argued attitude boilermakers British cent cerned chapter civil service closed shop prone Co-operative comprehensively closed concerned courts craft qualification craft unions craftsmen demands dispute dockers effect employers employment engineering entry control example exclusion threat expulsion extent Federation formal functions important impose individual industry involved issue job regulation join the union justified labour supply lesser skilled level of unionization London Transport mainly majority manual workers miners natural justice necessary non-members non-unionism non-unionists number of workers object open shop operate particular post-entry post-entry shop practice pre-entry pressure problem reason recognized recruit refused restrict result rule book sanctions seamen semi-closed semi-skilled shop stewards solidarity stewards strike action tion trade union trade unionists Transport unilateral regulation union members union membership union officials union rules unskilled variations wages