The History of the Jewish People, Volume 2

Abraham ibn Ezra Academy accusation Almohades anti-Jewish Arabic Ashkenazic authority Babylonian Baghdad became began Bible biblical Byzantine Byzantium caliphate Carolingians Chap Chapter Christian Spain Church cities commentary conquest countries Crusade dynasty Early Middle Ages economic Egypt eleventh century Emperor empire exilarch existed fact Fatimid France gaon Gentile geonim Germany Golden Age Hebrew Hisdai ibn Shaprut Holy Land immigrants Italy Jerusalem Jewish Jewish communities Jewish cultural Jewish population Judah Halevi Judaism Kairuwan Karaism Karaite community Khazarians Khazars language later literature lived major medieval moneylenders Moses ibn Ezra Moses Maimonides Muslim Spain negidim ninth North Africa number of Jews orbit of Islam order of prayer peninsula period philosophical poems poetry poets Poland Pope Provence Pumbedita Rabbanites Rabbi Rabenu Rashi Reconquista religious responsa role rulers Saadiah Samuel scholars second half Sephardic Sepher Sicily southern Syria Talmud tenth century thirteenth century tion Torah Tosafists translated twelfth century wrote Yemen