THE

CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS,

IN EXPLANATION OF THE TERMS INCIDENTALLY USED IN THE VOLUME.

THE ANIMAL KINGDOM is arranged in four Divisions:

Division I. Vertebral Animals: so called from their possessing a vertebral column or spine.

Division II. Molluscous Animals: such as shell-fish, which are of a soft structure, and without a skeleton. soft.

Etym. mollis,

Division III. Articulated Animals: like the worm or insect: they are without a skeleton, but their skins or coverings are divided and jointed. Etym. Articulus, dim. a joint.

Division IV. Zoophytes: animals believed to be composed very nearly of a homogeneous pulp, which is moveable and sensible, and resembles the form of a plant. Etym. wov, zoon, a living creature; pvrov, phyton, a plant.

DIVISION I.

The division of vertebral animals is composed of four Classes: viz., 1. Mammalia, animals which suckle their young. Etym. mamma, a teat. 2. Aves. Etym. avis, a bird. 3. Reptilia,

animals that crawl.

Etym. from a part of the word repo, to creep. 4. Pisces. Etym. piscis, a fish.

The first Class Mammalia, is divided into Orders, which are subdivided into Genera, and these are further divided into Species. We present the principal Orders with familiar examples.

Bimana, man. Etym. bis, double; manus, hand.

Quadrumana. Etym. quatuor, four; manus, hand. Monkeys, makis or lemurs (Etym. lemures, ghosts). The loris tardigradus (tardus, slow; gradior, to walk) is a species of lemur.

Cheiroptera. Etym. xeup, cheir, the hand; TTεpov, pteron, a wing. The Bats.

Insectivora. Etym. insecta, insects; voro, to eat. Hedgehog; shrew; mole.

Plantigrade. Etym. planta, the sole of the foot; gradior, to walk. Bear; racoon.

Digitigrade. Etym. digitus, the toe, or finger; gradior, to walk. Lion; wolf; dog; weasel.

Amphibia. Etym. aμpı, amphi, both; fuos, bios, life. Walrus; seal.

Marsupialia. Etym. marsupium, a pouch. Kangaroo; opos

sum.

Rodentia. Etym. rodo, to gnaw. Squirrel; beaver; rat; hare.

Edentata. Etym. edentulus, toothless: animals without the front teeth. Ai; unau; armadillo; ant-eater; tamandua; megatherium (μɛya, mega, great; Jepov, therion, a wild beast); megalonyx (μɛyas, megas, great; ovvž, onyx, a claw); ornithorhynchus (opvidos, ornithos, of a bird; pvvxos, rhynchos, a beak.)

Pachydermata. Etym. zaɣvs, pachys, thick; depμa, derma,

skin. Rhinoceros; elephant; mammoth; mastodon (μaσтos, mastos, a nipple; odwv, odon, a tooth); tapir; horse; couagga.

Ruminantia. Etym. ruminatio, chewing the cud. Camel; giraffe; deer; goat; cow; sheep.

Cetacea. Etym. cetus, a whale. Dolphin; whale; dugong.

SECOND CLASS. Aves, or Birds.

Accipitres. Etym. accipiter, a hawk.

Vulture; eagle; owl.
Lark; thrush; swal-

Passeres. Etym. passer, a sparrow.

low; crow; wren.

Scansores. Etym. scando, to climb. Parrot; wood-pecker;

toucan.

Gallinæ. geon.

Etym. gallina, a hen. Peacock; pheasant; pi

Gralla. Etym. grallæ, stilts. Ostrich; stork; ibis; flamingo. Palmipedes. Etym. palma, the palm of the hand; pes, foot. Swan; pelican; gull.

THIRD CLASS. Reptiles.

Chelonia. Etym. xελvç, chelys, a tortoise. Tortoise ; turtle. Sauria. Etym. oavpa, saura, a lizard. Crocodile; alligator; chameleon; dragon; pterodoctyle (TTEрov, pteron, a wing; dakruλos, dactylus, a finger); ichthyosaurus (x0vs, ichthys, a fish; oaupa, saura, a lizard); plesiosaurus (Tλεσov, plesion, near to; oavpa, saura, a reptile); megalasaurus (uɛyan, megale, great; oavpa, saura, a reptile); iguanadon.

Ophidia. Etym. opis, ophis, a serpent. Boa; viper. Batrachia. Etym. Barpaxos, batrachos, a frog. Frog; salamander; proteus.

FOURTH CLASS. Fishes.

Chondropterygii. Etym. xovopos, chondros, gristle; πтερуĚ, pteryx, the ray of a fin. Ray; sturgeon; shark; lamprey; ammocete (aμμos, ammos, sand; кηтoç, cetos, a fish.) Plectognathi, Etym. λεкw, pleco, to join; yvalos, gnathos, the jaw. Sun-fish; trunk-fish.

Lophobranchi. Etym. Xopos, lophos, a loop; ẞpayxia, branchia, the gills. Pipe-fish; pegasus.

Melacopterygii. Etym. μaλakoç, melakos, soft; TTEρUE, μαλακος, πτερυξ, pteryx, the ray of a fin. Salmon; trout; cod; herring;

remora.

Acanthopterygii. Etym. aкavba, acantha, a thorn; TEρu, pteryx, the ray of a fin. Perch; sword-fish; mackarel; lophius piscatorius (λopia, lophia, a pennant; piscator, a fisher); chaetodon rostratus (xairn, chate, hair; odwv, odon, a tooth; rostratus, beaked); zeus ciliaris (cilium, an eye-lash.)

DIVISION II.

MOLLUSCOUS ANIMALS.

1st Class. Cephalopoda. Etym. Kεpaλn, cephale, the head; Toda, poda, the feet. Animals which have their organs of motion arranged round their head.

.This Class includes Sepia, or Cuttle-fish. Argonauts (Apyw, the ship Argo, vavrns, nautes, a sailor). Nautilus, (vavīns, nautes, a sailor). Ammonite, an extinct Cephalopode which inhabited a shell resembling that of the Nautilus; coiled like the horns of a ram or of the statues of Jupiter Ammon; whence the name. Belemnites: also extinct the shell is long, straight, and conical (Beλeuvov, belemnon, a dart). Nummulites: likewise extinct. Whole chains of rocks are formed of its shells. The pyramids of Egypt are built of these rocks, (nummus, a coin).

2nd Class. Pteropoda. Etym. TтEρоv, pteron, a wing; woda, poda, feet; having fins or processes resembling wings on each side of the mouth.

The Clio Borealis, which abounds in the North Seas, and is

the principal food of the whale.

3rd Class. Gasteropoda. Etym. yaornp, gaster, the stomach; Toda, poda, the feet. Animals which move by means of a fleshy apparatus placed under the belly.

The snail; slug; limpet.

4th Class. Acephala. Etym. a, α, without ; κεφαλη, cephale, the head. Molluscous animals without a head.

The oyster; muscle.

5th Class. Brachiopoda. arm; τoda, poda, the feet. processes like arms.

Lingula; terebratula.

Etym. Boaxiov, brachion, the Animals which move by means of

6th Class. Cirrhopoda. Etym. cirrus, a lock or tuft of hair ; Toda, poda, the feet.

Balanus; barnacle; anatifera, (anas, a duck, fero, to bring forth).

DIVISION III.

ARTICULATA.

1st Class. Annelides, or Vermes. Etym. Annellus, a little ring; vermis, a worm.

Leech; sea-mouse; earth-worm; sand-worm; tubicolæ, (tubus, a tube, colo, to inhabit); worms which cover themselves by means of a slimy secretion that exudes from their surfaces, with a case of small shells and pebbles, like the caddis-worm, or with sand and mud.

2nd Class. Crustacea. Animals which have a shelly crust, covering their bodies.

The crabs; shrimps; lobsters.

3rd. Class. Arachnida. Etym. apaxins, arachnes, a spider.

Spiders; aranea scenica, or saltica; the leaping spider; the scorpion spider; the mite.

4th Class. Insecta. They are divided into insects which are without wings and those which have them: and these are further subdivided according to the peculiarities of the wings.

Aptera (a, a, without; TTEрov, pteron, a wing). Centipede (having a hundred feet); louse; flea.

Coleoptera (Koλeos, coleos, a sheath or scabbard, πτερоν, a wing), insects which have their wings protected by a cover, as the beetle, corn-weevil. Orthoptera (oplos, orthos, straight, TTεрov), as the locust, grass-hopper. Hemiptera (nov, hemisu, half, TEρov), insects which have one half of their wings thick and coriaceous, and the other membranous; such as a bug, tick, fire-fly. Neuroptera (veupov, neuron, a nerve, TтEроv), dragon-fly; ant-lion; ephemera. Hymenoptera (vμev, hymen, a membrane, Tтερоv), the bee; wasp; ant. Lepidoptera (NETIç, lepis, a scale, πтερоv), moth; butter-fly. Rhipiptera (pımı, ripis, a fan, πTɛpov), xenos; stylops. Diptera (dis, dis, double, πτɛρov), housefly; gnat.