Groupthink: Psychological Studies of Policy Decisions and FiascoesGroupthink - the psychological drive for consensus at any cost that suppresses disagreement and prevents the appraisal of alternatives in cohesive decision-making groups. In the first edition (Victims of groupthink), Iriving L. Janis showed how this phenomenon contributed to some of the major U.S. foreign policy fiascos of recent decades: the Korean War stalemate, the escalation of the Vietnam War, the failure to be prepared for the attack on Pearl Harbor, and the Bay of Pigs blunder. He also examined cases, such as the handling of the Cuban Missile Crisis and the formulation of the Marshall Plan, where groupthink was avoided. Here, in this revised and expanded edition, Janis applies his hypothesis to the Watergate cover-up, portraying in detail how groupthink helped to put the participants on a disastrous couurse and keep them there. In addition, he presents some fresh ideas on how and why groupthink occurs and offers suggestions for avoiding it. |
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Page 20
... Cuban exiles would be quietly and unspectacularly landed in their homeland . The only noisy part would be the preliminary air attacks against Cuban airfields , but these would be handled by a clever cover story . The United States would ...
... Cuban exiles would be quietly and unspectacularly landed in their homeland . The only noisy part would be the preliminary air attacks against Cuban airfields , but these would be handled by a clever cover story . The United States would ...
Page 21
... Cuban soil were , in fact , United States Navy frogmen ( in violation of the President's orders ) , but the United States nevertheless was blamed for the in- vasion from the outset . The CIA's cover story was quickly torn to pieces by ...
... Cuban soil were , in fact , United States Navy frogmen ( in violation of the President's orders ) , but the United States nevertheless was blamed for the in- vasion from the outset . The CIA's cover story was quickly torn to pieces by ...
Page 335
... Cuban missile crisis and , 145 , 146 Johnson and , 51-52 Korean War and , see Advisory group ( Truman's ) in North ... Cuban exile morale , 22 Cuban military and , 23-24 Kennedy and , 45 , 46 , 140 , 281 , 284 misinformation of , 277 ...
... Cuban missile crisis and , 145 , 146 Johnson and , 51-52 Korean War and , see Advisory group ( Truman's ) in North ... Cuban exile morale , 22 Cuban military and , 23-24 Kennedy and , 45 , 46 , 140 , 281 , 284 misinformation of , 277 ...
Contents
Why So Many Miscalculations? | 2 |
The Bay of Pigs | 14 |
The Wrong | 48 |
Copyright | |
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Acheson administration Admiral Kimmel advisers advisory group Allen Dulles alternative American assumptions attack avoid Bay of Pigs bombing Castro Chiefs of Staff Chinese cohesive group Communist concurrence-seeking consensus course of action critical Cuba Cuban missile crisis danger Dean Defense deliberations discussion effect Ehrlichman enemy evidence Executive Committee expected fiasco group dynamics groupthink hypothesis groupthink syndrome groupthink tendencies Haldeman Hawaii Ibid in-group inner circle invasion plan Japanese Johnson Joint Chiefs judgment Kennan Kennedy's Korean War leader MacArthur's major Marshall Plan McNamara meetings military moral naval Nixon norms North Korea North Vietnam officers participants Pearl Harbor Pentagon Papers policy-making group political present President Kennedy President's pressures problem procedures psychological questions responsible risks Robert Kennedy role Rusk Schlesinger Secretary shared social Sorensen Soviet Union stereotypes stress symptoms of groupthink thinking threat tion transcripts Truman United Vietnam Vietnam War warning Watergate cover-up White House group Wohlstetter