Groupthink: Psychological Studies of Policy Decisions and FiascoesGroupthink - the psychological drive for consensus at any cost that suppresses disagreement and prevents the appraisal of alternatives in cohesive decision-making groups. In the first edition (Victims of groupthink), Iriving L. Janis showed how this phenomenon contributed to some of the major U.S. foreign policy fiascos of recent decades: the Korean War stalemate, the escalation of the Vietnam War, the failure to be prepared for the attack on Pearl Harbor, and the Bay of Pigs blunder. He also examined cases, such as the handling of the Cuban Missile Crisis and the formulation of the Marshall Plan, where groupthink was avoided. Here, in this revised and expanded edition, Janis applies his hypothesis to the Watergate cover-up, portraying in detail how groupthink helped to put the participants on a disastrous couurse and keep them there. In addition, he presents some fresh ideas on how and why groupthink occurs and offers suggestions for avoiding it. |
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Page 159
... Marshall Plan , a comprehensive and detailed program for supplying American funds to aid European recovery . It was developed in the State Department , headed by General George C. Marshall , who had urged the administration to find a ...
... Marshall Plan , a comprehensive and detailed program for supplying American funds to aid European recovery . It was developed in the State Department , headed by General George C. Marshall , who had urged the administration to find a ...
Page 161
... Marshall Plan . The influential leaders in the State Department - Dean Acheson , William Clayton , Charles Bohlen , George Kennan , and Secretary Marshall - recog- nized that the coming winter of starvation and discontent was posing ...
... Marshall Plan . The influential leaders in the State Department - Dean Acheson , William Clayton , Charles Bohlen , George Kennan , and Secretary Marshall - recog- nized that the coming winter of starvation and discontent was posing ...
Page 319
... Marshall , Averell Harriman , and other leading participants . I also con- sulted the sections on the Marshall Plan in a number of historical analyses of the policies of the Truman administration , including books or papers by Barnet ...
... Marshall , Averell Harriman , and other leading participants . I also con- sulted the sections on the Marshall Plan in a number of historical analyses of the policies of the Truman administration , including books or papers by Barnet ...
Contents
Why So Many Miscalculations? | 2 |
The Bay of Pigs | 14 |
The Wrong | 48 |
Copyright | |
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Acheson administration Admiral Kimmel advisers advisory group Allen Dulles alternative American assumptions attack avoid Bay of Pigs bombing Castro Chiefs of Staff Chinese cohesive group Communist concurrence-seeking consensus course of action critical Cuba Cuban missile crisis danger Dean Defense deliberations discussion effect Ehrlichman enemy evidence Executive Committee expected fiasco forces group dynamics groupthink hypothesis groupthink syndrome groupthink tendencies Haldeman Hawaii Ibid in-group inner circle invasion plan Japanese Johnson Joint Chiefs judgment Kennan Kennedy's Korean War leader MacArthur's major Marshall Plan McNamara meetings military moral naval Nixon norms North Korea North Vietnam officers participants Pearl Harbor Pentagon Papers policy-making group political present President Kennedy President's pressures problem procedures psychological questions responsible risks Robert Kennedy role Rusk Schlesinger Secretary social Sorensen Soviet Union stereotypes stress symptoms of groupthink thinking threat tion transcripts Truman United Vietnam Vietnam War warning Watergate cover-up White House group Wohlstetter