Groupthink: Psychological Studies of Policy Decisions and FiascoesGroupthink - the psychological drive for consensus at any cost that suppresses disagreement and prevents the appraisal of alternatives in cohesive decision-making groups. In the first edition (Victims of groupthink), Iriving L. Janis showed how this phenomenon contributed to some of the major U.S. foreign policy fiascos of recent decades: the Korean War stalemate, the escalation of the Vietnam War, the failure to be prepared for the attack on Pearl Harbor, and the Bay of Pigs blunder. He also examined cases, such as the handling of the Cuban Missile Crisis and the formulation of the Marshall Plan, where groupthink was avoided. Here, in this revised and expanded edition, Janis applies his hypothesis to the Watergate cover-up, portraying in detail how groupthink helped to put the participants on a disastrous couurse and keep them there. In addition, he presents some fresh ideas on how and why groupthink occurs and offers suggestions for avoiding it. |
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Page 53
... North Korean army across the 38th parallel up to the border of Com- munist China . At the start of the war , United States policy had been to prevent the pro - Communist government of North Korea from conquering South Korea . The ...
... North Korean army across the 38th parallel up to the border of Com- munist China . At the start of the war , United States policy had been to prevent the pro - Communist government of North Korea from conquering South Korea . The ...
Page 56
... North Korea ; they recommended escalating the defensive war to protect South Korea into a full - scale offensive war of conquest . When the Chinese leaders failed to deter the United States from occupy- ing North Korea by their strong ...
... North Korea ; they recommended escalating the defensive war to protect South Korea into a full - scale offensive war of conquest . When the Chinese leaders failed to deter the United States from occupy- ing North Korea by their strong ...
Page 344
... North Korean occupation Mayaguez rescue mission , 178-180 Mead , George Herbert , 4 Middleton , Drew , 180 Mindguard , 40-41 , 175 , 258 Acheson as , 60 Dean as , 208 , 210 , 237 Ehrlichman as , 232-233 Haldeman as , 232-233 Henderson ...
... North Korean occupation Mayaguez rescue mission , 178-180 Mead , George Herbert , 4 Middleton , Drew , 180 Mindguard , 40-41 , 175 , 258 Acheson as , 60 Dean as , 208 , 210 , 237 Ehrlichman as , 232-233 Haldeman as , 232-233 Henderson ...
Contents
Why So Many Miscalculations? | 2 |
The Bay of Pigs | 14 |
The Wrong | 48 |
Copyright | |
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Acheson administration Admiral Kimmel advisers advisory group Allen Dulles alternative American assumptions attack avoid Bay of Pigs bombing Castro Chiefs of Staff Chinese cohesive group Communist concurrence-seeking consensus course of action critical Cuba Cuban missile crisis danger Dean Defense deliberations discussion effect Ehrlichman enemy evidence Executive Committee expected fiasco forces group dynamics groupthink hypothesis groupthink syndrome groupthink tendencies Haldeman Hawaii Ibid in-group inner circle invasion plan Japanese Johnson Joint Chiefs judgment Kennan Kennedy's Korean War leader MacArthur's major Marshall Plan McNamara meetings military moral naval Nixon norms North Korea North Vietnam officers participants Pearl Harbor Pentagon Papers policy-making group political present President Kennedy President's pressures problem procedures psychological questions responsible risks Robert Kennedy role Rusk Schlesinger Secretary social Sorensen Soviet Union stereotypes stress symptoms of groupthink thinking threat tion transcripts Truman United Vietnam Vietnam War warning Watergate cover-up White House group Wohlstetter