Groupthink: Psychological Studies of Policy Decisions and FiascoesGroupthink - the psychological drive for consensus at any cost that suppresses disagreement and prevents the appraisal of alternatives in cohesive decision-making groups. In the first edition (Victims of groupthink), Iriving L. Janis showed how this phenomenon contributed to some of the major U.S. foreign policy fiascos of recent decades: the Korean War stalemate, the escalation of the Vietnam War, the failure to be prepared for the attack on Pearl Harbor, and the Bay of Pigs blunder. He also examined cases, such as the handling of the Cuban Missile Crisis and the formulation of the Marshall Plan, where groupthink was avoided. Here, in this revised and expanded edition, Janis applies his hypothesis to the Watergate cover-up, portraying in detail how groupthink helped to put the participants on a disastrous couurse and keep them there. In addition, he presents some fresh ideas on how and why groupthink occurs and offers suggestions for avoiding it. |
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Page 8
... consensus , arguing that by using will power he had stopped smoking since joining the group and that everyone else could do the same . His declaration was followed by a heated discussion , which continued in the halls of the building ...
... consensus , arguing that by using will power he had stopped smoking since joining the group and that everyone else could do the same . His declaration was followed by a heated discussion , which continued in the halls of the building ...
Page 139
... consensus . For example , on the fourth day of meetings , according to Sorensen : " The Presi- dent was impatient and discouraged . He was counting on the Attorney General and me , he said , to pull the group together quickly ...
... consensus . For example , on the fourth day of meetings , according to Sorensen : " The Presi- dent was impatient and discouraged . He was counting on the Attorney General and me , he said , to pull the group together quickly ...
Page 169
... consensus is through strong political pressures , which are conducive to superficial conformity to the demands of a powerful leader ( or a powerful minority faction ) . In a non- cohesive group , disaffected members may deliberately ...
... consensus is through strong political pressures , which are conducive to superficial conformity to the demands of a powerful leader ( or a powerful minority faction ) . In a non- cohesive group , disaffected members may deliberately ...
Contents
Why So Many Miscalculations? | 2 |
The Bay of Pigs | 14 |
The Wrong | 48 |
Copyright | |
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Acheson administration Admiral Kimmel advisers advisory group Allen Dulles alternative American assumptions attack avoid Bay of Pigs bombing Castro Chiefs of Staff Chinese cohesive group Communist concurrence-seeking consensus course of action critical Cuba Cuban missile crisis danger Dean Defense deliberations discussion effect Ehrlichman enemy evidence Executive Committee expected fiasco forces group dynamics groupthink hypothesis groupthink syndrome groupthink tendencies Haldeman Hawaii Ibid in-group inner circle invasion plan Japanese Johnson Joint Chiefs judgment Kennan Kennedy's Korean War leader MacArthur's major Marshall Plan McNamara meetings military moral naval Nixon norms North Korea North Vietnam officers participants Pearl Harbor Pentagon Papers policy-making group political present President Kennedy President's pressures problem procedures psychological questions responsible risks Robert Kennedy role Rusk Schlesinger Secretary social Sorensen Soviet Union stereotypes stress symptoms of groupthink thinking threat tion transcripts Truman United Vietnam Vietnam War warning Watergate cover-up White House group Wohlstetter