Groupthink: Psychological Studies of Policy Decisions and FiascoesGroupthink - the psychological drive for consensus at any cost that suppresses disagreement and prevents the appraisal of alternatives in cohesive decision-making groups. In the first edition (Victims of groupthink), Iriving L. Janis showed how this phenomenon contributed to some of the major U.S. foreign policy fiascos of recent decades: the Korean War stalemate, the escalation of the Vietnam War, the failure to be prepared for the attack on Pearl Harbor, and the Bay of Pigs blunder. He also examined cases, such as the handling of the Cuban Missile Crisis and the formulation of the Marshall Plan, where groupthink was avoided. Here, in this revised and expanded edition, Janis applies his hypothesis to the Watergate cover-up, portraying in detail how groupthink helped to put the participants on a disastrous couurse and keep them there. In addition, he presents some fresh ideas on how and why groupthink occurs and offers suggestions for avoiding it. |
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Page 120
... example , at a meeting on De- cember 18 , 1965 , when McNamara , Rusk , and Bundy argued for a bombing pause in order to pursue Soviet Ambassador Dobrynin's proposal for diplomatic discussions with Hanoi , the military men and others ...
... example , at a meeting on De- cember 18 , 1965 , when McNamara , Rusk , and Bundy argued for a bombing pause in order to pursue Soviet Ambassador Dobrynin's proposal for diplomatic discussions with Hanoi , the military men and others ...
Page 187
... examples of groupthink . For example , in 1914 the French military high command ignored repeated warnings that Germany had adopted the Schlief- fen Plan , which called for a rapid assault through Belgium and then southward to Paris in ...
... examples of groupthink . For example , in 1914 the French military high command ignored repeated warnings that Germany had adopted the Schlief- fen Plan , which called for a rapid assault through Belgium and then southward to Paris in ...
Page 294
... example , contradicts Magruder and LaRue by claiming that Liddy's wild plans had to do only with surveillance at the Democratic Conven- tion in Miami and were not accepted at any of the meetings . Haldeman ( 1978 , pp . 220–222 ) , who ...
... example , contradicts Magruder and LaRue by claiming that Liddy's wild plans had to do only with surveillance at the Democratic Conven- tion in Miami and were not accepted at any of the meetings . Haldeman ( 1978 , pp . 220–222 ) , who ...
Contents
Why So Many Miscalculations? | 2 |
The Bay of Pigs | 14 |
The Wrong | 48 |
Copyright | |
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Acheson administration Admiral Kimmel advisers advisory group Allen Dulles alternative American assumptions attack avoid Bay of Pigs bombing Castro Chiefs of Staff Chinese cohesive group Communist concurrence-seeking consensus course of action critical Cuba Cuban missile crisis danger Dean Defense deliberations discussion effect Ehrlichman enemy evidence Executive Committee expected fiasco group dynamics groupthink hypothesis groupthink syndrome groupthink tendencies Haldeman Hawaii Ibid in-group inner circle invasion plan Japanese Johnson Joint Chiefs judgment Kennan Kennedy's Korean War leader MacArthur's major Marshall Plan McNamara meetings military moral naval Navy group Nixon norms North Korea North Vietnam officers participants Pearl Harbor Pentagon Papers policy-making group political present President Kennedy President's pressures problem procedures psychological questions responsible risks Robert Kennedy role Rusk Schlesinger Secretary shared social Sorensen Soviet Union stereotypes stress symptoms of groupthink thinking threat tion transcripts Truman Vietnam Vietnam War warning Watergate cover-up White House group Wohlstetter