Strength and Structure of Engineering Materials

alloys aluminum angle applied load atoms axis beam bending body bonds brittle Burgers vector calculated cause Chapter cleavage components compression constant coordinate crack creep cross section crystal cylinder deflection developed diagram direction distance ductile edge dislocation effect elastic element equations equilibrium example extension force fracture stress friction glass grain Hence Hooke's law identical increases initial lattice layer length material maximum measured mechanical metals modulus Mohr's Mohr's circle molecules normal stress notch occurs orientation parallel parallelepiped plane strain plastic deformation plastic flow plate polymers position principal stresses properties radius ratio residual stresses result rubber schematically shear strain shear stress shown in Fig slip plane specimen steel strain energy strain rate stress and strain stress-strain curve structure surface temperature tensile tensile stress tension thermal thickness torsion uniaxial yield strength yield stress σ₁