rence, who visited on his return from Quebec, Gaspè, the Bay of Chaleur, and the other places occupied by the fishermen in the Gulf. He encountered icebergs of prodigious length, between the 44th and 45th degrees north latitude, and obtained from the savages a description of the St. Lawrence, above Hochelaga.

1603.

On the return of Champlain in 1603, Henry had granted to Pierre du Gas, Seigneur De Monts, a French Protestant, and a member of his household, all that part of North America lying between the 40th and 46th parallels of north latitude, and confirmed it by letters patent, Nov. 8th, 1603.1

In this grant the King says, "fully confiding in your great prudence, and in the knowledge you possess of the quality, condition, and situation of the said country of Acadia, from the divers voyages, travels, and visits you have made into these parts, and others neighboring and circumjacent, &c., &c., we do appoint you our Lieut. General, to represent our person in the country, coasts and confines of Acadia, from the 40th to the 46th degree of latitude." The design was, the occupancy of the country. De Monts sailed from Havre De Grace, March 17, 1604, with two vessels, in one of

1604.

1. L'Escarbot Historie de la nouvelle France, 1609.

Champlain's Voyages (Ed. 1632,) p. 44.

Hazard's Coll. Vol. i. p. 45.

Williamson's History of Maine. Vol. i. app.

Sainsbury's Calender of Colonial State Papers. Vol. i. p. 4.

which, Capt. Timothy, of New Haven, Master, were De Monts, Champlain, Poutrincourt, and the accomplished scholar and historian L'Escarbot.1 In the other, commanded by Capt. Morell, of Honfleur, was Du Pont Gravé the companion and associate of De Monts. They called at Isle Sablon, and reached the coast May 16, 1604, where they found a ship trading with the natives contrary to the di

1. L'Escarbot's History of New France, is by far the most valuable of all the works on America of that date. His first edition, published in 1608-'9, 12 mo., contained a map of the country explored, a copy of which we give. This work was translated into English, and published by P. Erondelle, London, in 1609, as an original work without any allusion to the author. A 2d edition was published in Paris in 1612, under the following title, which we translate from the copy recently placed in the Astor Library.

"HISTORY OF NEW FRANCE,

Containing the Voyages, Discoveries and Settlements made by the French, in the West Indies and New France, with the consent and authority of our Most Christian King, and the diverse fortunes of those engaged in the execution of these things, from a hundred years ago, till to-day.

In which is comprised the History, Moral, Natural and Geographical, of the said Province: with the Tables and Pictures of the same. By MARC L'ESCARBOT, Lawyer in Parliament; Eye Witness of a part of the things here recited.

Multa renascentur qua iam occidere cadent que.

PARIS:

JOHN MILLOT, in front of St. Bartholomew with the three crowns, and in his shop, on the steps of the great hall of the Palace.

1612.

WITH PATENT FROM THE KING."

In the Library of Congress is a copy of the 3d Edition, published at Paris, in 1627.

The Dutch and the French adopted the names of the rivers and places given them by De L'Escarbot.

I am aware that Warburton and others assert, that L'Escarbot came out in the 2d Expedition in the ship IONAS, in 1606; but I find nothing to justify this statement from his own writings.

rections of the King, which they seized and confiscated, giving the master's name, Rossignol, to the Port, his only return for the voyage. The port is now called Liverpool, but a Lake in the interior still bears the name of the unlucky master.

Exploring the coast westward, De Monts reached port Mouton, where they landed, waiting the arrival of Du Pont Gravé. The company of Planters, those who designed to remain in the country, was one hundred in number, and here they erected tents, and planted the ground with grain, which two years later, was found bearing a good crop.

Champlain, impatient at the delay, proceeds west in a shallop, explored the coast, and discovered the beautiful island, which he named St. Croix - from the fact, that just above it, the streams formed a natural cross, one on each side, entering at right angles with the main river-which river finally retained the name of St. Croix, or Holy Cross, and now divides New Brunswick from Maine. Champlain rejoined his companions at Port Mouton, after exploring as far west as the Penobscot.

On the arrival of Du Pont Gravé and Captain Morell, both ships sailed west, entered the Bay St. Marie, discovered the Bay of Fundy, then sailing north, reached Port Royal.

Poutrincourt, who came out to select for himself a place of settlement, was so delighted with Port Royal, that he solicited, and obtained from De Monts

a promise of a grant of it, and with Du Pont Gravé, returned to France, in the autumn of 1604, to arrange for his removal to this country, and for a fresh supply of planters.

Under the advice of Champlain, De Monts' company proceeded west, discovered the river St. John, followed the coast westward, and planted themselves in the spot he had selected, known at this day as Neutral Island, in the St. Croix river, within the limits of the State of Maine. This was the first settlement of Europeans north of Florida. Here they laid out a town, and planted the ground. During the autumn of 1604, habitations were erected, a fort built, a magazine constructed, and a chapel finished.1

1. "Leaving the river St. John, they came, following the coast twenty leagues, to a great river-properly a sea-where they fortified themselves in a little Island, seated in the midst of this river, that the said Lord Champlain had been to reconnoitre; and seeing it strong by nature, and easily guarded; and in addition, seeing that the season was beginning to pass, and the necessity of seeking a lodging without going further, they resolved to stop there.

The Island of St. Croix is difficult to find for one who has not been there-there are so many Islands and great bays to pass, before reaching

it.

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"There are three or four mountains high above the others on the sides, but on the side of the north, from which the river descends, is a pointed one, two leagues distant. The woods of the main land handsome, and the grass likewise. There are streams of fresh water, very agreeable, opposite the Island, where several of the people of De Monts made their home, and had built cabins there. The said Island is about half a league in circuit, and at the end of the side towards the sea, there is a mount, or small hill, and like a separate Island, where we placed the cannon of Lord De Monts; and there also the chapel, built after the savage fashion.

"At the foot of this, there are some muscles, so many that it is a wonder, which can be picked up at low tide, but they are small.

"Lord De Monts caused the people to work upon his fort, which he had fixed at the end of the Island, opposite that where he had planted

The winter of 1604-'5 was long and severe, 1605. and thirty-five of their number died of the scurvy. In the spring, De Monts, disappointed at the rigor of the winter, seeking a milder climate, proceeded to explore the country west and south, designing to settle four degrees south of St. Croix. He visited Mount Desert, the Penobscot, the Kennebec,1 Casco, and Saco; and coasted as far south as Cape Malabar, twelve miles south of Cape Cod.

his cannon. This was prudently considered to command all the river,

above and below.

"But there was one difficulty. The fort was on the northern side, where there was no shelter, except the trees on the bank of the Island. Without the fort was the lodgings for the Swiss, and other little houses, like a suburb of a city. Some had built cabins on the main land, near the brook. But in the fort was the house, or dwelling, of Lord De Monts, made of good carpenter work, with the flag of France floating above it. On the other side was the magazine, where reposed the safety and life of all-similarly made of good carpenter work, and covered with shingles; and opposite the magazine were the houses of Lord Orville, Champlain, Champdore, and other noble personages, and on the opposite of the dwelling of De Monts, was a covered gallery, for the exercise of play, and for workmen in rainy weather; and between the said fort and the platform where the cannon was, all filled with gardens. Each one amused himself, or worked with a gay heart. All the autumn passed with this, and it was doing well to have lodged ourself, and cleared up the Island before the coming on of the winter."

L'Escarbot, book iv. ch. 4, p. 460—2d edition, 1812.

1. "Sailing west, 1605, to find a place of settlement, they, De Monts, Champlain and Champdore, came to Norumbega, the river of Pentagouet, (Penobscot,) and thence to Kinnibeki, (Kennebec,) which shortens the way to the great river of Canada. There are a number of savages settled there, and the lands begin to be better peopled."

L'Escarbot, book iv. ch. 7, p. 497.

2. "From Kinnibeki, in going farther on, they found the Bay 'Marchin,' (Portland,) from the captain who commands there."

L'Escarbot, book iv. ch. 15, p. 557.

"In 1606, Poutrincourt arrived at Marchin, which is the name of the savage captain, who, on the arrival of the said Poutrincourt, cried he! he! To which they replied in the same way. He replied, asking in his language, "Who are you?" To which they replied, "We are friends." On the approach of Poutrincourt, he made with him a treaty of friendship, and gave him presents of knives, axes and hatchets, made of paternosters, or glass tubes, (tuyaux,) white and blue, of which he was