of the Mrs. Bendysh to whom Mr. Carlyle refers; and it will be recollected we traced her descendants to a Mr. Berners. Mr. Carlyle has fallen into a mistake in supposing that Mr. Field is descended from Richard Cromwell. He would, in that case, be the heir of the Cromwell race. Noble traces the descendants, by marriage, of Henry Cromwell, the Protector's second son, to a Mr. Field, an apothecary; and Mr. F. claims descent from Henry. As previously remarked, Henry Cromwell had a lineal descendant, Mr. Oliver Cromwell, of Cheshunt Park, whose daughter married a Mr. Russell; and we are informed that this Mr. Russell and his family are still alive. Artemidorus Cromwell Russell, it appears, was descended from the Protector's youngest daughter, Frances, who married Sir John Russell, Bart.; and Mr. Lewis from her daughter, who married Sir John Frankland for her second husband. We believe it is not strictly correct that there are no authentic relics or memorials of the Protector than those to which Mr. Carlyle refers. We are informed by Mr. Field that he does possess a number of such relics, of various kinds, including a mask of Oliver Cromwell, traced from his son Richard, and from which a fine marble bust was modelled by an eminent artist, which was seen by Prince Albert, and which was intended for the new House of Lords, but that a paucity of funds prevented its being placed there; indeed, from the variety of curiosities relating to Oliver Cromwell which were in the possession of the Misses Cromwell whom Mr. Carlyle mentions, these seems no doubt that there are a considerable number of relics extant. We have been favoured with a pedigree, which traces indisputably Mr. Field's descent from Henry Cromwell, the Protector's second son. Mr. Field has a large family of daughters; his brother is named Oliver, and his only son Henry Cromwell; and the Mr. Field, the clergyman, to whom we alluded in our question, was an uncle of his. We have thus, in no spirit of vulgar curiosity, given a history of the Cromwell family to the present day -a history abounding with singular vicissitudes, and we trust not destitute of instruction.-T. U.

tion to Natural History. These two make up the whole of our knowledge of nature. The general laws of nature being thus divisible into physics, or natural philosophy, chemistry, life (commonly called physiology), and mind, these four classes may be said to form the pyramid of science, of which physics is the base, and the rest the superstructure.

The laws of physics govern every phenomenon of nature in which there is any change of place. The great physical truths are now reduced to four, and are referred to by the words atom, attraction, repulsion, and inertia. These atoms of matter, by mutual attraction, cling together, and form masses, solid, liquid, or aeriform, according to the quantity or repulsion of heat among them; and which, owing to their inertion or stubbornness, gain or lose motion in exact proportion to the force of attraction or repulsion acting on them. Can anything give a more astonishing idea of the nature and importance of methodical science than the fact that the man who understands these four words understands the greater part of the phenomena of nature? Solid bodies, existing in conformity with these truths, exhibit all the phenomena of mechanics; liquids exhibit those of hydrostatics and hydraulics; airs, those of pneumatics; and so of others, as set forth in the subjoined table.

The laws of physics do not explain all the phenomena of nature. Had there been only one kind of substance or matter in the universe, these laws would have done so; but there are iron, sulphur, and charcoal, and about fifty others which appear distinct. These, taken singly, obey the laws of physics; but when placed in contact, they give rise to a new order of phenomena. All such changes are called chemical. Chemistry, therefore, is a superstructure on physics; and can only be understood and practised by a person who is acquainted with physics. Chemistry seems full of wonders; but life appears to present something still more complicated. Under its influence, matter forms bodies with a curious internal structure of tubes and cavities, in which fluids move, and produce incessant internal changes. These are called Organized Bodies, because of the various organs which they contain: they form two remarkable classes, vegetables and animals; the former fixed to the soil, the latter endowed with the power of motion. The phenomena of sensation, self-motion, growth, decay, death, and others, belong to life; thus life is a superstructure on physics and chemistry, and must be studied in connection with them. Mind, unlike that of organic life, could not be understood until physics and chemistry had been previously investigated, The labour of ages has at length nearly com- attained considerable perfection in an early age, pleted an arrangement of the materials which especially among the Greeks; while of the others constitute the universe, under three great classes but little was known. The work of pure analysis, of minerals, vegetables, and animals-the three however, was reserved for the moderns, who, kingdoms of nature, the description of which is from a few simple laws of mind, have deduced all termed Natural History. The changes that are the subordinate departments of mental philosogoing on around us are merely a repetition and phy; just as they have deduced mechanics, mixture of a few simple manners or kinds of hydrostatics, pneumatics, and so forth, from the change, which are, in all cases, constant and laws of physics. These four great departments regular. All these changes may be referred to unitedly form the groundwork of the very curious, four distinct classes,-physical, chemical, vital, refined, difficult, and important science of mathe and mental. The simple expressions which de matics. Most of the facts and laws of physies, scribe them are denominated Laws of Nature; chemistry, and life, are expressed in terms of and as a body of knowledge they constitute what quantity, signifying more or less, as when we is called Science, or Philosophy, in contradistinc-speak of the magnitude of a body, or say that the

220. The Division of the Sciences.-Many a youthful student, in common with your correspondent, has been perplexed with the division of the sciences, often being at a loss to know where to draw their boundary lines, how to arrange the different departments, and how to distinguish one from another. Some years ago, I met with a very clear and interesting paper on this subject in one of our religious periodicals; and as but few of your readers have probably seen it, a summary of its contents may not be unacceptable.

The Young Student and Writer's Assistant.

Question 62. As 3: 6 :: 14: 28.-Ans. Question 63. The proportion of the ounce troy square root, y will be found to=7. to the ounce avoirdupois is

By completing the square, and extracting the

Question 70. In this question, after the word | the ground, composed of granite at a specific "Johnson's" introduce" square," and the following solution will be found correct.

gravity of 2662, has to be set on a pedestal 7 feet high. Its length is 18 feet on the level side; its base a square whose side is 3 feet; and it is surmounted by a pyramid, the side of which is 1 feet, and height 9 inches. Required the units of

Let x=the length and y the breadth. Then by work necessary to raise it to its position.

The words in the column of verbs enclosed in brackets are adjectives.

Those enclosed in the objective column are prepositions governing the words in the objective which

follow them, and are marked.

Titerature.

LITERARY INTELLIGENCE.

M. de Lamartine has just sold a History of Turkey, in six volumes, to the proprietors of a Paris daily newspaper, for £4,800.

We hear from Paris that Mr. Thiers is occupying the leisure which ejection from political affairs affords him, in writing his book on " Italy and the Fine Arts in the Sixteenth Century." M. Villemain is completing the second volume of his "Souvenirs Contemporains," the first of which created great sensation on the continent. As to the less distinguished portion of the literary fraternity in Paris, it is still doing nothing, and in consequence is still in frightful distress; but some of its more energetic members are trying to establish three or four partly literary partly satirical periodicals.

The sale of the books, manuscripts, and letters of the poet Gray, forming part of the library formerly belonging to Granville Penn, Esq., of Stoke Manor, Buckinghamshire, took place last month, at Messrs. Sotheby and Wilkinson's rooms. The chief object of interest was the original autograph manuscript of the "Elegy," which was sold, after considerable competition, to Mr. Wrightson for £131. The manuscript is inscribed by Gray, "Stanzas wrote in a Country Churchyard," and in Mason's handwriting it is inscribed, " Original

Copy of the Elegy in a Country Churchyard." In confirmation of the authenticity of this as the original completed copy, the remark of Mason deserves to be noted, when he says that Gray "originally gave it only the simple title of Stanzas," and that he persuaded him first to call it an Elegy. The manuscript copy at Cambridge is so inscribed; and the rejected stanzas, which appear in this manuscript, are omitted in that, so that the present copy has every indication of priority, and as far as is known of being the original autograph. The manuscript of the "Long Story," accompanied by the little note left on Gray's table from Lady Schaub, and Miss Speed's complimentary letter, was sold for £25.

The next Actonian prize of £105, under the trusteeship of the Royal Institution, will be awarded in 1858, to the best essay illustrative of the wisdom and beneficence of the Almighty, as manifested by the influence of solar radiation. The essays of competitors must be sent to the Royal Institution before the end of December, 1785, and the adjudication will be made by the managers on the 12th of April following. The subject is one of much interest, and will afford a wide field both for the statement of physical facts, and for the management of philosophical arguments.

NOTICES OF BOOKS.

O Tempora! O Mores! or, a Word to the Wise | understanding count the number of the beast, for on the Use of Tobacco and Snuff. London: Houlston and Stoneman. Price Is. We have here a collection of arguments and extracts against the use of tobacco; with the reports of two or three lectures, and four or five poetic effusions, on the same subject! Those who wish to learn what can be said against the use of "the weed," in all its forms, cannot do better than peruse this medley of reason and raillery.

The Natural Capabilities of Man Briefly Considered, with Especial Reference to the Question of Human Accountableness. By Joseph Wright, author of " Israel in China." London: Piper, Stephenson, and Spence. Price 2s. This is an ingenious work on a recondite subject. Mr. Wright with considerable ability advances some new views of the "fall of man," and his natural and moral capabilities: but we feel bound to add, that the tone of the writer is very selfconfident, his style unpolished, and his theory in some parts inconsistent with itself.

The Great Winepress, popularly called Armageddon. Being an Intellectual Battle of Opinions:-The Turco-Russian War-Fears of it may be Banished. By the author of "Trinology," &c. London: W. Strange. Price 6d. The writer of the pamphlet bearing the above anomalous title has previously given to the world another, entitled the "Seventh Angel." This fact he informs us of on the Wrapper, in the second line of his Introduction, and repeatedly in subsequent pages. In both he attempts to unravel some of the mysteries of apocalyptic prophecies. In the "Seventh Angel" he begins with that variously expounded text, "Let him that hath

it is the number of a man; and his number is six hundred threescore and six." The application of this famous number may give some notion of his line of interpretation. The number being the number of a man-sovereignty-monarch-ruler, he endeavours to find out the number 666 as forming the constituents of the legislature, representing sovereignty. This he finds in the legislature of Great Britain, made up of 658 members of the Commons, and eight of the Peerage, making together the prophetic number of 666. The beast that ascer ded up out of the bottomless pit, having "seven heads and ten horns," is also a representative of this same Great Britain. The "ten horus" are-1st, royalty; 2nd, peers of the blood royal; 3rd, archbishops; 4th, dukes; 5th, marquises; 6th, earls; 7th, viscounts; 8th, bishops; 9th, barons; 10th, commons. The "seven heads" on which these ten horns are placed are 1st, the crown; 2nd, the church; 3rd, the war department; 4th, law; 5th, the civil or municipal establishment; 6th, educational establishment; 7th, trade the commercial. The "angel" mentioned in the 10th chapter, which came down from heaven clothed with a cloud, a rainbow upon his head, his face like the sun, and his feet as pillars of fire, with other concomitants of majesty, represents the spirit of the Reform Bill in 1832!

In the pamphlet before us the author professes to find the explanation of the 9th, 14th, and 16th chapters of Revelation, in recent Scottish ecclesiastical history. The "great river Euphrates" he believes to mean the Presbyterian National Religion, and the "battle of the plagues" the political and religious conflict of the kirk of Scotland with the State! What say our Scottish friends to the honour thus put upon them?