Taste of, means actual enjoyment;- Worthy, unworthy of. But after these,

835. What preposition it is proper to use, often depends as much upon what follows, as upon what goes before. Thus, "To fall from a height”—“into a pit”— "in battle"-"to work"-"upon an enemy."

836. Into is used only after verbs of motion, and implies entrance. In used after verbs of motion or rest, and denotes situation, but never entrance; as, "He went into a carriage, and rode in it."

837. Boast, approve, and disapprove, are often used without a preposition following; so also worthy and unworthy.

838. The same preposition that follows a verb or adjective usually follows the noun derived from it, and vice versâ; as, "Confide in"-" Confident in"-" Confidence in."

EXERCISES TO BE CORRECTED.

In the following sentences, point out the prepositions and the antecedent term. If not appropriate, correct, and give the rule :

This remark is founded with truth. He was eager of recommending him to his fellow-citizens. I find great difficulty of writing. Every change is not a change to the better. Changed for a worse shape it can not be. It is important, in times of trial, to have a friend to whom you can confide. You may rely in the truth of what he says. Many have profited from good advice, but have not always been grateful of it. I have no occasion of his services. Favors are not always bestowed to the most deserving. This is very different to that. Virtue and vice differ widely with each other. Come in the house. We rode into a carriage with four horses. The boy fell under a deep pit. Such conduct can not be reconciled to your profession. Go, and be reconciled with thy brother. A man had four sons, and he divided his property between them. I am now engaged with that work. He insists on it that he is right.

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THE POSSESSIVE GOVERNED BY SUBSTANTIVES. 839. RULE XIII.-One substantive governs another in the possessive, when the latter substantive limits the signification of the former; as, "Virtue's reward"-" John's books."

840. The substantive in the possessive case limits the governing noun, by representing the thing named as proceeding from, possessed by, or suitable to the person or thing expressed by the possessive (165). It is of course necessary, under this rule, that the substantives signify different things.

841. A substantive, limited by the possessive, may be any noun in any case, or a verbal noun (462), either alone or with its regimen, or modifying words: as, “On eagles' wings."- -"He was opposed to John's writing"-"I am in favor of a pupil's composing frequently."- John's having devoted himself too much to study was the cause of his sickness."

A

842. The noun governing the possessive is often understood; as, "This book is John's [book]." It is always omitted after the possessive case of the personal pronouns ; as, "This book is mine, thine, ours," &c., and. in this construction, when supplied, the possessive case must be changed for the possessive pronoun (241); as, This is my book, thy book, our book;" not mine book, &c. (292).

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843. The possessive case, and the preposition of with the objective, are often equivalent; as, My father's house": The house of my father." But844. Sometimes the idea expressed by of with the objective, can not be expressed at all by the possessive; as, "A ring of gold"—" A cup of water"—" A piece of land"—"The house of refuge," &c. Sometimes, again, the ideas expressed are different; thus, "The Lord's day" means the sabbath. The day of the Lord," means the day of judgment. My father's picture," means a picture belonging to my father. "A picture of my father," means a portrait of him. "God's love" means only the love which God feels. "The love of God" means either the love which God feels to us, or that which we feel to him.

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845. Of. before a possessive case, followed by its governing substantive, usually governs that substantive; as, "The heat of the sun's rays." But of before a possessive, not followed by its governing word, governs that word understood, and the expression refers to a part of the things possessed; as, "A discovery of [that is, from] Sir Isaac Newton's [discoveries];" meaning, "One of Sir Isaac Newton's discoveries" (242).

846. Even when the possessive case, and of with the objective, are equivalent in meaning, the arrangement and euphony, as well as perspicuity of the sentence, will often render the one expression preferable to the other. When this is the case, care should be taken to use that form which, in the circumstances is best. Thus, "In the name of the army" is better than, "In the army's name;" "My mother's gold ring" is better than, "The gold ring of my mother." A succession of words in either form is harsh, and may be avoided by a proper mixture of the two; thus, 'My brother's wife's sister"-better-" The sister of my brother's wife.”—“ The sickness of the son of the king"-better-" The sickness of the king's son."

847. When several nouns come together in the possessive case, implying com

mon possession, the sign of the possessive is annexed to the last, and understood to the rest; as, "Jane and Lucy's books," that is, books the common property of Jane and Lucy. But if common possession is not implied, or if several words intervene, the sign of the possessive should be annexed to each; as, "Jane's and Lucy's books," that is, books, some of which are Jane's and others Lucy's."This gained the king's, as well as the people's, approbation."

848. When a name is complex, consisting of more terms than one, the sign of the possessive is annexed to the last only; as, "Julius Cæsar's Commentaries”— "John the Baptist's head"-" His brother Philip's wife"-" The Bishop of London's charge." Here Julius Caesar's is a complex name, in the possessive; John and brother are in the possessive, without the sign, that being annexed to the words Baptist and Philip, in apposition. In the last example, "London" is in the objective case, governed by of, and the 's annexed properly belongs to Bishop, governed in the possessive by charge. In parsing the words separately, the transfer must, of course be so made. But the true reason for annexing 's to London is, that the whole phrase, “Bishop of London," is regarded as one term, governed in the possessive by charge, and may bę & parsed. Thus, "A complex noun in the possessive case," &c.

849. When a short explanatory term is joined to a name, the sign of the possessive may be annexed to either; as, "I called at Smith's, the bookseller," or, "at Smith the bookseller's." But if, to such a phrase, the governing substantive is added, the sign of the possessive must be annexed to the last; as, "I called at Smith the bookseller's shop."

850. If the explanatory circumstance be complex, or consisting of more terms than one, the sign of the possessive must be annexed to the name or first substantive; as, "This Psalm is David's, the king, priest, and prophet of the people.”— "That book is Smith's, the bookseller in Maiden Lane."

851. This mode of expression, however, is never elegant, and though sometimes used when the governing substantive is understood, yet it would be better to avoid it, and say, "This is a psalm of David, the king," &c., or, "This is one of the psalms of David," &c. But an expression like this can not, with any propriety, be used when the governing substantive is added. Thus, "David, the king, priest, and prophet of the people's psalm," would be intolerable.

852. When two nouns in the possessive are governed by different words, the sign of the possessive must be annexed to each; as, "He took refuge at the governor's, the king's representative,” that is, “at the governor's house."

853. The s after the apostrophe is sometimes omitted, when the first word ends, and the following word begins, with an s, or when the use of it would occasion a disagreeable repetition of s-sounds; as, "For righteousness' sake”--“ For conscience' sake"-"For Jesus' sake"-" At Jesus' feet" (173). In other cases, such omission would generally be improper; as, "James' book"-"Miss' shoes," instead of, "James's book"-"Miss's shoes."

854. A clause of a sentence should never come between the possessive case and the word by which it is governed; thus, "She began to extol the farmer's, as she called him, excellent understanding," should be, "the excellent understanding of the farmer, as she called him."

855. A noun governing the possessive plural, or two or more nouns severally in

the possessive singular, should not be plural unless the sense require it. Thus, "The men's health [not healths] suffered from the climate"-" John's and William's wife [not wives] are of the same age.”

856. The possessive whosesoever is sometimes divided by interposing the governing word; as, "whose house soever." This, in general, however, is to be avoided, and to be admitted only when euphony and precision are thereby promoted (277).

EXERCISES TO BE CORRECTED.

In the following sentences, show which is the limiting substantive, and which is the one limited-where wrong, correct according to rule or observations.

(839) Virtues reward. One mans loss is often another mans gain. Mans chief end is to glorify God. My ancestors virtue is not mine. A mothers tenderness and a fathers care are natures gifts for mans advantage. On eagles wings. For Christ sake. For ten sake. Which dictionary do you prefer-Webster, Walker, or Johnson? —(172) Asa his heart was perfect. John Thomson his book. Lucy Jones her book.

Much

(841) He was averse to the nation involving itself in war. depends on your pupil composing frequently. He being rich did not make him happy. I am opposed to him going on such an expedition.

(842) That book is James book and that one is Roberts. That knife is your knife, but I thought it was my knife. My book is old, but your book and Roberts book are new. Which is the best book, your book or my book?

(845) That landscape is a picture of my father. The work you speak of is one of Irving. Gravitation was a discovery of Sir Isaac Newton. That is a ring of my mother.

(846) The world's government is not left to chance. The tree is known by the fruit of it. The commons' vote was against the measure, but the lords' vote was in its favor. The weekly return of the day of the Lord is a blessing to man. The representatives house is now in session. The extent of the prerogative of the king of England is well understood. John's brother's wife's mother is sick. The severity of the sickness of the son of the king caused great alarm.

Your brothers servant's situation is critical.

(847) William's and Mary's reign. Cain and Abel's sacrifice were not the same. David and Solomon's reign were prosperous. John and William's wife are cousins. Men, women, and childrens shoes for sale. He cared for his father and also for his mother's interests. The Betsy and Speedwells cargoes were both saved.

(848) Messrs. Pratt's, Woodford's, & Co.'s bookstore is in New

York. Thomson's & Company's office was on fire. Jack's the Giant-killer's wonderful exploits. The bishop's of London's charge to his clergy. The Grand Sultan's Mahomet's palace. The secretary's of war report.

(850) Please call at Smith the bookseller and stationer's. The parcel was left at Johnson, a merchant in Broadway's. He emulated Cæsar the greatest general of antiquity's bravery. General Taylor, president of the United States, an excellent man and brave soldier's residence.

(852) That house is Smith the poor man's friend. We spent an agreeable hour at Wilson, the governor's deputy. The coach stopped at Mr. Brown, Henry's father.

(853) James father arrived yesterday. Charles books are completely spoiled. King James translators merely revised former translations. For conscience's sake. For righteousness's sake.

(854) They condemned the judge's in the case of Bardwell decision. The prisoner's, if I may say so, conduct was shameful. Peter the Hermit's as he was called, opinion.

(855) All men have talents committed to their charges. It is the duty of Christians to submit to their lots. We protest against this course, in our own names and in the names of our constituents. A father's and mother's loves to their children are very tender. The gentlemans and ladys healths are improving.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

857. RULE XIV.—The subjunctive mood is used in dependent clauses, when both contingency, or doubt, and futurity, are expressed; as, "If he continue to study he will improve."

858. When contingency or doubt only, and not futurity, is implied, the indicative is used; as, If he has money he keeps it."

859. Contingency or doubt is usually expressed by the connectives, if, though, unless, except, whether, &c.; but whether futurity is implied or not, must be gathered from the context. In general. when the sense is the same, with shall, will, or should prefixed to the verb, as without it, the subjunctive may be used; otherwise, not. Thus, in the preceding example, "If he continue," and, "If he shall continue," mean the same thing.

960. Formerly, the subjunctive was used to express contingency, or doubt, whether futurity was implied or not. Of this, the English Bible furnishes examples in almost every page (See Job xx., 12-14), where present usage would require