The Evolution of Insect Mating Systems

abdomen ability acoustic adult advantage aedeagus aggressive Alcock attract behavior benefits biology brood burrow butterflies chance competition conspecific copulation copulatory courtship crickets damselfly defend digger bee Diptera Drosophila dung E. O. Wilson ecological egg laying Eickwort Entomological Society Entomologist evolution evolutionary example favor feeding female choice female's females mate fertilize flies flight foraging gain gametes genes genetic Gwynne Hymenoptera hypothesis individuals insects insemination J. E. Lloyd katydids large males male insects male's males and females mate guarding mating systems monogamy nest number of males occur offspring Orthoptera oviposition pallida parasitic parental partner perch pheromone polyandry polygyny population potential mates predators prediction prey produce progeny receptive females relatively reproductive success resource rivals scorpionflies sex pheromone sex ratio sexual selection signals species sperm precedence spermatheca spermatophore swarm tephritid territorial males Thornhill tion traits virgin females W. D. Hamilton wasps wings