college. Instead of earning my money by teaching school, I supported myself by sawing, splitting, and carrying up the wood of my fellow-students, three and four high flights of stairs; improving in this way every hour, except study hours; and often portions of the night. My fellow-students laughed at me then, but now the boot is on the other foot. I thought it a hard row to hoe, but a rich harvest has it yielded me; and you, reader, owe to this same cause, whatever of delight, or benefit, my lectures, writings, and examinations afford you.

DIET. By the truly wonderful process of digestion, food and drink are converted into thought and feeling-ale manufactured into mind and soul. Is it then unreasonable to suppose that different kinds of food produce different kinds of mind? Reasonable or unreasonable, it is nevertheless the fact. Oysters are proverbial for exciting a certain class of feelings proportionately more than other feelings, or the intellect. Other kinds of food are known to have a similar effect. Rollin, the celebrated historian, says, that in training the pugilists for the bloody arena, to whom a ferocious spirit, and great physical strength, were the chief requisites, they were fed exclusively on raw flesh. Will not this principle explain the ferocity of beasts of prey; the mildness of the lamb and the dove; the blood-thirsty, revengeful spirit of the savage Indian; and the mild and pacific disposition of the Chinese and Hindoo. Ardent spirits and wine excite the animal organs, located in the base of the brain, more than they do the intellectual or moral faculties. This is unquestionably the fact with every thing heating in its nature; such as condiments, flesh, tea, coffee, and high-seasoned or highly stimulating food of any kind. And it will probably be found, that animal food, by keeping the body in a highly excited, not to say feverish state, is calculated unduly to excite the animal organs, thereby withdrawing strength from the top and front of the brain, but imparting physical strength, and concentrating the energies of the system, thereby wearing it out the sooner; and also that vegetable food, by reducing the inflammation of the blood, and keeping the system cool; promotes clearness of thought, quietness of feeling, placidity of mind, and moral and elevated feeling; and develops the nervous temperament, thus producing a tendency to intellectual pursuits.

This subject opens up a vast field for observation, and nothing but facts can guide us to the proper results. Let observations be made, experiments instituted, and the results recorded; and a vast amount of good will flow from them. If you wish to distinguish yourself intellectually, you must regulate the quantity and quality of your food and drink in accordance with the established laws of physiology, or your wings of fame will be melted in the heat of animal indulgence.

HEALTH. In consequence of different degrees of health, the talents of the same individual often vary several hundred per cent. Upon its importance, and the means of preserving and obtaining it, and of regaining it when impaired, I cannot enlarge here. Observe the influence of disease upon the manifestations of the mind-the irritability, and sour temper, and debilitated intellect and moral feeling which often accompany it. Observe how totally changed is the dyspeptic from what he was before, and your impressions as to the influence and importance of health will be quite as distinct as by any thing that can be said here. But alas! how few retain their health thirty The midnight darkness, and total ignorance of the laws of life and nealth which pervade the community is both astonishing and heart-sickening. In this respect, man is infinitely behind the brute creation, who never

years.

sicken, unless when caused by man. Yet man's organization is vastly the most perfect, and least liable to disease. But mankind are nearly all aicides downright self-murderers of soul and body. They seem to be determined neither to live løng, nor to enjoy life whilst they do live. A per ectly healthy man knows neither fatigue nor pain, yet men love both, and court and woo them, making them their constant attendants from the cradle to the grave. But it is right enough to allow them to choose their companions. Let them have them, but do not blame the world in which you live for the result of this choice. If you wish either to enjoy life or to exereise your minds, you must keep your health.

MEDICINES. The brains of thousands of men, and tens of thousands of children have been debilitated, and their minds clouded with a thick nist, and in many cases, totally darkened by those powerful, life-killing trugs, employed as healing agents. How many mothers, in order to make eir little ones sleep, have blunted their moral sensibilities, and rendered their intellects obtuse, by dosing them with laudanum, "Godfrey's cordial," and other medicines. If men would observe the laws of life and health, they would never require medicine, and in most cases where they take it hey would do better without it, if they would begin in season to practise abstinence, and not carelessly and ignorantly augment the disease. And if our physicians, instead of confining themselves to the cure of diseases, would lecture and inform the people how to preserve their health, though they might make less money, they would save suffering humanity a vast amount of misery and premature death. "An ounce of prevention is worth pound of cure."

But, owing to the bad organization of society alluded to in the close of the chapter on temperaments, men have no time to attend to their health in consequence of which the violated laws of nature compel them to find time to be sick, and to die sooner than they otherwise would.

EDUCATION. For remarks upon the influence of education in modify g the direction of the faculties, see P. P. p. 40; and for remarks upon its nfluence in changing the relative size of the organs and power of the facul ties, see a chapter on the utility of phrenology, appended to the last edition of P. P. pp. 421, and also to this work.

For the effects of the combined action of the faculties, which constitute by far the most important portion of phrenology, or, rather, its very essence, and without a knowledge of which no correct estimate of character can be formed, the reader is referred to "Phrenology Proved," &c., the main design of which is to present this hitherto neglected, but all-important, feature of this subject.

A desa iption of the organs in this isolated state, furnishes so lame and import of the character, that unless those who have their heads examinea up this chart, make the references here indicated to P. P., and there read those combinations that apply to them, they need not expect a correct or satisfactory description. But decidedly the best method of recording the descriptions is to have them written out by the examiner.

The succeeding descriptions, and also those referred to in "Phrenology Proved," &c., are predicated on the supposition that the brain is full or large in size-the organization sound--health fair or good-activity full or great; and that the faculties have not been mis-directed.

We have already encroached largely upon the space allotted to the analysis of the faculties, and must therefore close this department of our subject, eserving additional remarks for another place.

PHYSIOGNOMY AS CONNECTED WITH PHRENOLOGY. That there is some truth in some of the leading doctrines of physiognomy, and that the features and general expression of the countenance do furnish some index of character and talent, is a generally admitted fact, yet in its details, and as a system, it cannot be relied upon. As far as it is true, there exist relations of cause and ft between its signs and phenomena, yet none maintain that a long or prominent nose causes superior talent, or that the talents give shape to the nose, and s of its other signs. Instead of a given shape of the fea tures causing orb ing caused by the disposition or talents, both are the product of the temper iment and organization. A sharp nose is said to indicate a scold, because when the nose is sharp, the teeth, bones, voice, phrenological organs, feelings, perceptions. every thing about them, including the temper, are also sharp, the whole man, mind and body, being constructed upon the angular principle, which gives rise to great mental as well as physical activity, and to intense feelings. It is a law of the animal economy that every part of every individual should be proportionate to every other, and correspond with it. Thus the length of every bone is in proportion to that of every other, so that from the length of any one of them we can ascertain that of every other, and also the height of the person. Long arms are never found with short legs, but if the person is stout and square built, the phrenological organs will be short and broad, and the head wide instead of high. In tall persons the organs are all long, and the head higher and thinner. If there is a great amount of bone in the limbs, the scull also will be thick. If the person is small boned, his scull is thin, the system maintaining uniformity of construction throughout.

Again, the qualities of the mind correspond with the build of the body, If the latter is beautifully formed, well proportioned, handsome, &c., not only will its motions be easy and graceful, but the feelings will be exquisite, the mind well balanced, and a beauty, perfection, taste, refinement, elegance, and good sense will cheracterize every thing he says or does. But if the body is coarse, the build strongly marked or peculiar, the features striking or prominent, and countenance unusual, the mind will also be eccentric, the remarks new and striking, and as homely as the body, and the character odd, differing from the common run of people. Webster is a Webster in his walk, looks, and features as well as in his speeches, both mind and body beeing cast in the same mould. This accounts for the fact that men great in a particular line generally have a remarkable build, walk, countenance, manner of thinking, expression, and action. Energetic men have a rapid, energetic, decided walk, whereas the exquisite dandy, without brain, without sense, and with all his mind upon his back, will have a soft effeminate manner of speaking and acting, a mincing, affected, artificial walk, as though he was stepping on eggs, and so of the other mental qualities.

THE NATURAL LANGUAGE OF THE ORGANS. Nearly related to this subject will be found that of the natural language of the organs, or the position into which the organs, when active, throw the head and body, which, besides furnishing strong evidence that phrenology is true to nature, and forms a part of it, is really amusing when properly presented. The principle is tis: every organ, when active, throws the head into a line with it self, and so happens that in every instance the position of the head produced by the activity of any organ, is perfectly expressive of the state of mind imparted by the faculty. Thus active causality projects the upper por tion of the forehead, and deep thinkers, like Franklin and Webster, always hold their heads in this way. This subject will hereafter be carried out and illustrated by cuts.

In our descriptions of the temperaments, much more reference should perhaps have been made to the influence of the different sizes of the brain, in combination with the different temperaments and degrees of activity; but instead of confusing the mind of the reader or amateur by mingling the two together, it was thought best to make the general remark here that in these and many similar cases, he is left to make the allowances in his ow mind, because descriptions cannot be made sufficiently minute to reach them. Having the principal landmarks before him, he is left to fill up the intermediate spaces by compounding the influences of the two in propor tion as each is found in the heads of those examined.

The writer values measurements less than most phrenologists do, because, 1., when one is tall, his organs are long and slim, but when he is short and thick set, they will be short and broad; see chapter on physiognomy; and, 2., the practised eye and fingers discover elevations and depressions too mi nute for any measure to reach, and also estimate both proportionate and absolute size here, as in various mechanical operations, in making little glass birds, toys, &c., far more accurately than any instruments. The most va luable measures are, 1., the circumference, 2., from ear to ear over firmness, which measures force; 3., do. around comparison, and also individuality.

I. THE SIZE OF THE BRAIN, other conditions being equal, is found to be the measure of the aggregate amount of the mental power; and the relative size of the several organs of an individual, indicates the proportional strength and energy of his corresponding faculties.

It should, however, be remembered, that the amount of one's mental power, depends even more upon these "other conditions," such as his organization, or the vigour of his constitution, the condition of his nutri tive organs, the state of his health, his temperament, the amount of excitement under which his various faculties act, his education, habits, diet, &c., than upon the size of his brain alone. Accordingly, in consequence of different degrees of health, rest, fatigue, excitement, &c., the manifested quantity or amount of a man's mental power, will vary twenty, forty, and even eighty per cent., whilst the kind or quality will differ little if any. Hence, both in proving phrenology, and also in applying its principles, the province of the phrenologist is to point out the character or kind of talents and mental power, rather than their precise amount; and yet, if he is informed as to these "other conditions," (and it is not enly his right to know them, but preposterous in him to pronounce with. out such knowledge,) he can ascertain very nearly the amount, as well as the kind, of intellect and feeling.

AVERAGE.-One having an average-sized brain, with activity only werage, will discover only an ordinary amount of intellect; be inadequate o any important undertaking; yet, in a small sphere, or one that requires nly a mechanical routine of business, may do well: with activity great very great, and the organs of the propelling powers and of practica intellect large or very large, is capable of doing a fair business, and may pass for a man of some talent, yet he will not be original nor profound; will be quick of perception; have a good practical understanding; will d well in his sphere, yet never manifest any traces of greatness, and out of his sphere, be common-place: with moderate or small activity, will hardly have common sense.

FULL.-One having a full-sized brain, with activity great or very great, and the organs of practical intellect a d f the propelling powers, large ut

very large, although he will not possess greatness of intellect, nor a deep, strong mind, will be very clever; have considerable talent, and that so dis tributed that it will show to be more than it really is, is capable of being a good scholar, doing a fine business, and, with advantages and application, of distinguishing himself somewhat, yet he is inadequate to a great undertaking; cannot sway an extensive influence, nor be really great: with activity full or average, will do only tolerably well, and manifest only a common share of talents: with activity moderate or small, will neither be nor do much worthy of notice: c. 15. 43.

LARGE. One having a large-sized brain, with activity average, will possess considerable energy of intellect and feeling, yet seldom manifest it unless it is brought out by some powerful stimulus, and will be rather too indolent to exert, especially his intellect with activity full, will be endowed with an uncommon amount of the mental power, and be capable of doing a great deal, yet require considerable to awaken him to that vigorous effort of mind of which he is capable; if his powers are not called out by circumstances, and his organs of practical intellect are only average or full, he may pass through life without attracting notice, or manifesting more than an ordinary share of talents: but if the perceptive faculties are strong or very strong, and his natural powers put in vigorous requisition, he will manifest a vigour and energy of intellect and feeling quite above mediocrity; be adequate to undertakings which demand originality of mind and force of character, yet, after all, be rather indolent (c. 18): with activity great or very great, will combine great power of mind with great activity; exercise a commanding influence over those minds with which de comes in contact; when he enjoys, will enjoy intensely, and when he suffers, suffer equally so; be susceptible of strong excitement; and, with the organs of the propelling powers, and of practical intellect, large or very large, will possess all the mental capabilities for conducting a large business; for rising to eminence, if not to pre-eminence; and discover great force of character and power of intellect and feeling: with activity moderate, when powerfully excited, will evince considerable energy of intellect and feeling, yet be too indolent and too sluggish to do much .ack clearness and force of idea, and intenseness of feeling; unless literally driven to it, will not be likely to be much or do much, and yet actually possess more vigour of mind, and energy of feeling, than he will manifest; with activity I, or 2, will border upon idiocy.

VERY LARGE. One having a very large head, with activity average or full, on great occasions, or when his powers are thoroughly roused, will be truly great; but upon ordinary occasions, will seldom manifest any remarkable amount of mind or feeling, and perhaps pass through life with the credit of being a person of good natural abilities and judgments, yet nothing more: with activity great, strength, and the intellectual organs the same, will be a natural genius; endowed with very superior powers of mind and vigour of intellect; and, even though deprived of the advantages of education, his natural talents will surmount all obstacles, and make him truly talented (c. 7): with activity very great, and the organs of practical intelect and of the propelling powers large or very large, will possess the first order of natural abilities; manifest a clearness and force of intel lect which will astonish the world, and a power of feeling which will carry all before him; and, with proper cultivation, enable him to become a bright star in the firmament of intellectual greatness, upon which coming ages