other mental faculties must also perform their functions by means of the other portions of the brain.

In support of this third proposition, innumerable facts have heretofore been brought forward by phrenologists, in addition to which the author takes the liberty of presenting a few of the many that have fallen under his own observation.

He once examined the head of a lady who was deranged in the matter of conscience, but perfectly sane in every other respect. He found the organ of conscientiousness to be very large, and much heated, or much warmer than any other portion of the head. At the request of the author, other persons present who were disbelievers in phrenology, applied their hands to the head, and very readily perceived, and bore testimony to, the fact.

While practising phrenology in Brattleborough, Vt., a lady called upon the author, stating that she laboured under a great difficulty in expressing her ideas. He remarked that her organ of language was large, and asked if it had always been so. She replied, that, until she had an inflammation of the brain, which was particularly severe about the eyes, (above which, this organ is located,) causing excruciating pain in those parts, she could talk with fluency; but since that time, she often hesitated for words in which to express the most commonplace ideas. The organ of language being situated upon the superorbiter plate, its inflammation might easily be mistaken for an inflammation of the

eyes.

A little girl of Washington, D. C., received a fracture of the scull in the region in which the organ of tune is located. Whilst confined with this wound, which had become irri. tated, she experienced, what had never been manifested before, a strong and involuntary propensity to sing. Thus the phenomena of musick was produced by what, under ordinary circumstances, we should expect to prevent it, viz. a wound; and the only solution of the case, seems entirely to turn upon the fact, that the inflammation was connected with the phrenological organ of tune. This case was stated to the author in 1835, by Dr. Miller, at the house, and in the presence, of Dr. Sewall a distinguished physician and antiphrenologist.

Several cases of monomania, produced by wounds and inflammation in the cerebellum, in which the feeling of ama tiveness was deranged, have been related to the author. One was that of a gentleman in the west, who had to submit to

the discipline of the straight-jacket, and who died the ninth day of the disease, reported to the author by a Mr. C. Another case of the same kind, was reported by Dr. Miller of Baltimore, and another by Dr. Jackson of Boston; which, together with the thousands of similar ones stated by Drs. Gall, Spurzheim, and others, all tend to confirm the truth of the proposition, that the brain consists of a plurality of organs.

The author saw a man in Hatfield, Mass., who possesses good talents, but who is deranged in the matter of love, while he is sane in other respects. He is often complaining of a compressed sensation, and of a buzzing sound, exactly in that portion of the head in which the organ of adhesiveness is located. Many other cases in which the individuals were rational, but whose attachments had been interrupted, have fallen under the author's observation, and in all of which they complained of a soreness in the same place. In one of these instances, the individual was unable to rest the back part of the head upon a pillow, and suffered so much from the presence of pain as to call in a physician :* meanwhile the mental suffering, caused by the absence of the object of attachment, was almost insupportable.

Did the proposed limits of this work permit, many more similar facts would be presented, but those given are deemed sufficiently numerous to prove a reciprocal connexion between the diseased condition of certain portions of the brain, and a derangement of particular classes of the mental func tions. Here, then, we rest the argument. If the brain is a unity, a disease of any portion of it, must affect it as a whole, and, consequently, (on the supposition that the brain is the organ of the mind,) equally affect every function of the mind; yet, since this is not only, not borne out by facts, but even in direct opposition to them, the only remaining conclusion is, that, instead of the whole brain's being employed by each, separate faculty of the mind, one portion of it is employed by that faculty, for example, which performs the function of anger, another portion by that which exercises fear, and another by that which exercises reason, and so of all the other mental functions. The contrary supposition is

Through ignorance of the real cause of the disease, the mode of treatment adopted in this case, was very injurious and highly reprehensible. Instead of alaying the excitement, by removing the inflammation, à blister was applied, which greatly increased the disease.

as absurd, and as much opposed to all analogy, both physical and intellectual, as to suppose that the whole body sl:ould be employed in seeing, the whole in hearing, in digestion, in respiration, and in every other particular function: and if this connexion between the faculties of the mind and particular portions of the brain, exists at all, it follows, that there can be no exercise of the one, without a reciprocal action o the other; or, in other words, that there can be no exercise of a faculty, without the exercise of its corresponding or gan; and, vice versa, no exercise of an organ, without the exercise of its corresponding faculty. The great Author of nature would not have established this mutual connexion, unless the economy of nature required it; and if this economy requires it in any one instance, it must, for the same reason, equally demand it in every instance.

It may also be added in this connexion, that, according to the theory of the unity of the brain, each faculty must, of necessity, use the brain as a whole in succession, which precludes the possibility of that common and necessary phenomena of the mind, namely, its simultaneous exercise of several faculties.

IV. The various faculties of the mind are possessed, originally, in different degrees of strength by different individuals, and also by the same individual. There exists a toto celo difference between a Shakspeare and a Franklin, a Howard and a Nero, a Raphael and a Washington, a Benjamin West and a Patrick Henry-a difference which neither education nor circumstances could create, nor even essentially modify. So strong was the passion for painting with West, that he bid defiance both to the corrections of his school-teacher, and the frowns of his parents, and secluded himself in his garret merely to indulge it; and even while a mere child, and without instruction, he conceived and executed some of his most beautiful designs. Diversity and variety characterize the intellects and the feelings of men, at least, as much as they do their countenances, and that, even from the first dawn of the mind, and not unfrequently in opposition to circumstances. This diversity of human intellects, dispositions, predilections, talents, &c., is too common and too striking to need illustration. Every individual, in a greater or less degree, furnishes an illustra tion of this fact. It has even passed into a proverb, that "a poet must be born, and not made;" and this applies equally

to the artist, the orator, the mechanick, the divine, the natu ralist, the accountant, and even to all who excel in any particular calling. The happiness of society, and the improvement of mankind, absolutely demand this variety of talents and character; and, in accordance with this demand, the Creator doubtless intends, and, therefore, qualifies, one man for one sphere of action, and another, for another sphere.

If this diversity and variety did not exist, it is evident from the principle, that like causes produce like effects, that, in all cases, the same circumstances would form similar char acters, and opposite circumstances, opposite characters; or, rather, that the character and talents of men would vary in exact proportion to the variation of their education, circumstances in life, &c., so that, the one could always be estimated from a knowledge of the other; but the fact is, similar circumstances often produce opposite characters and talents, and opposite circumstances, similar characters and talents. The conclusion, then, both a priori and from facts, is, that the various faculties are imparted to different individuals, and even to the same individual, originally, in different degrees of strength. The force of education, however, in improving or perverting the faculties, as originally bestowed, in modifying their relative power, and in changing their direc tion, is not intended here to be denied.

V. There exists a reciprocal proportion between the rel ative strength and power of the various mental FACULTIES, and the size of those portions of the brain, or those ORGANS, y which they are severally manifested. It has already been shown, that each mental faculty is exercised, exclusively, by means of one particular portion of the brain; and, upon the principle, which holds good throughout all nature, that, other conditions being equal, size is always the measure of power-a principle too familiar to require proof-it follows, that the stronger a faculty is, the larger must be its organ; and, vice versa, the larger an organ, the stronger its faculty.

This proposition is also rendered evident from the estab lished and familiar, physiological principle, that the exercise of any corporeal organ, causes its increase. The exercise of the arm of the blacksmith, causes its enlargement. Those who spend their lives at the oar, thereby greatly augment the size of their arms and chests, while the lower extre i•

See Combe's System of Phrenology, pages 23 to 29, and 90 to 98.

Labouring men generally

ties are comparatively feeble. possess much larger bodies, and much smaller heads, than literary and scientifick men. Give a child no exercise, and

you thereby make him a dwarf. Cease to exercise any por tion of the body, and it diminishes in size and strength.

Now, since the brain is one of the corporeal organs, it follows, (until the brain is shown to form an exception tc the action of this law,) that the same common law of increase by exercise, and of decrease by inaction, which has been shown to govern the other corporeal organs, equally governs the organs of the brain, causing their increase in proportion to their exercise. And, since it has been shown, that the various faculties of the mind manifest their functions by means of as many organs of the brain-that these faculties differ in their strength-that the exercise of these organs must be proportionate to that of their corresponding faculties—and that the increase of these organs must be proportionate to their exercise, it necessarily follows, that the increase of each organ, must be proportionate to the exercise of its faculty; that, for example, if, in the exercise of the function of conscientiousness, an individual calls into action a given portion of the brain, (see cuts,) and in the exercise of benevolence, another portion, he must exercise, and, of course, increase, the organ of benevolence more than he does that of conscientiousness, in proportion as he is more benevolent than he is conscientious; and that the same holds true with respect to all the other faculties of the mind, and their corresponding organs of the brain. Hence, a proportion between the two, must necessarily exist.

VI. The shape of the brain may generally be ascertain ed by the form of the scull; or, in other words, an increase of the various portions of the brain, causes a corresponding increase of the portions of the scull above them; for, inasmuch as the scull is moulded and adapted to the brain, the conformation of the brain determines the shape of the scull, and, with a few unimportant exceptions, corresponds with it.

The scull is merely the protector of the brain, and subservient to it; that is, the scull is formed for the brain, and not the brain for the scull. How unreasonable, then, to suppose, that the scull should throw any obstruction in the way of the development of the brain! This would be like assuming, that men are made for the houses they occupy and not the houses for the men. What! one operation o