tions which regulate the mental manifestations, are nearly overlooked. Mens sana in corpore sano, is, to be sure, an adage often repeated, but seldon understood.

Every day's observation confirms and deepens the conviction the author has long entertained, that much more is depending upon the physiology of the body and the qualities of the brain, or, what is the same thing, upon the temperament, than upon the size and combinations of the organs→ that the depraved manifestations of the organs, or those vices which everywhere abound, and which pour forth such a flood of corruption among men, origirate not in the nature or the combinations of the organs or of their faculties, but in the disordered physiology of mankind. For example: it is admitted that the size of the organs is not directly changed by an improper use of ardent spirits; but who does not know, that the vices of an individual, may be easily augmented a hundred-fold by habits of intemperance? And why is this? Simply because his physiology is deranged. Now, why should not every derangement of the body, whether brought about by the use of alcohol or wine, or an improper quality or quantity of food, or by any other cause, produce the same result? And is not the conclusion just, that the ocean of sin, and consequent misery, which swallows up nearly all that is lovely, and elevated, and desirable among men, is produced by the same cause? This portion of the expan sive field of phrenology, and, also, its kindred one, viz. that containing the laws of propagation and its accompanying phenomena, and which are undoubtedly the most fertile parts of the whole phrenological soil, are, as yet, compara. tively unexplored. With the open volume of nature in one hand, and the torch of truth in the other; phrenologists alone have entered upon this immense and valuable tract. The works of A. Combe upon this subject, are valuable above all praise.

These digressive remarks, which, were they carried out to the extent their importance demands, would require volumes, will enable the reader to understand what the phrenologist means by the

TEMPERAMENTS.

The word TEMPERAMENTS is here used to denote certai states or conditions of the body, or the relative activity o particular classes of the corporeal organs.

Other conditions being equal, the strength and power of the various faculties of the mind, are in proportion to the size of their corresponding organs of the brain. Yet, since much depends upon the quality, organization, and activity of the brain, and this upon the quality, organization, health, habits, and activity of the body, or, in other words, upon the temperament, a small brain often gains, in these respects, what it loses in size. All great men are found to possess both a favourable temperament and a large brain.

The temperaments are divided into four kinds :

1. The lymphatick, or phlegmatick, in which the secreting glands are the most active portion of the system; indicated by soft and abundant flesh, and languor of the pulse, and of all the corporeal and mental functions; by a dull, ease-seeking, inefficient, indolent, disposition, and an aversion to corporeal and intellectual effort. Great excitement is necessary to arouse one with this temperament to effort, yet the action may then be a powerful one. This temperament is often found among the Pennsylvania Germans, and also in negroes.

2. The sanguine, in which the arterial system, and the organs which circulate the various fluids, particularly the blood, are most active; indicated by light or sandy hair, fair skin, a fresh and florid countenance, light or blue eyes, a strong and rapid pulse, strong animal passions, and more ar dour, enthusiasm, activity, and zeal, than strength and power of mind or body.

3. The bilious, in which the muscular portion of the system predominates in activity; characterized by a more ath Jetick form; by strong bones and muscles, black hair, a dark skin, and dark eyes; a strong and steady pulse, hardness, strength, and power of body, accompanied with considerable force and energy of mind and character.

4. The nervous, in which the brain and the nervous system are much more active than the other portions of the body, which gives rise to, and is accompanied by, the highest degree of excitability and activity of the physical and men. tal powers; vividness and intensity of emotion; clearness and rapidity of thought, perception, and conception; sprightliness of mind and body; light, fine, and thin hair; a fair. clear, and delicate skin and countenance; and more activity, Vivacity, and intensity, than power and endurance, of mind and body.

These temperaments are generally compounded: the ner vous-sanguine gives the highest degree of activity and inten sity of thought and feeling; the nervous-bilious, activity, accompanied with power and endurance, constituting one of the most favourable temperaments, especially when united with a little of the sanguine; the bilious-lymphatick gives mental and corporeal indolence, accompanied with power under strong excitement; the sanguine-lymphatick, is less favourable to intellectual, than to corporeal, manifestations, &c.

But since these temperaments, and other conditions, except the size of the respective organs, are alike in the same head, it follows, that the power and energy of each faculty, are proportionate to the size of its organ; so that this work will generally present a comparison between the different faculties of the same individual, rather than between the various faculties of different individuals.

INFLUENCE OF EDUCATION.

The influence of education, which is admitted to be very great, is exerted chiefly in directing and modifying the operations and the manifestations of the various faculties, rather than in increasing or diminishing their strength and power, or the size of their respective organs. The function of combativeness, for example, when trained in the ruder states of society, manifests itself chiefly in physical combat, family feuds, personal prowess, and hatred as manifested by open violence and force, bodily exposures to danger, &c.; while the same amount of the same faculty, even with a similar combination of the other faculties, when the subject is educated in refined society, and placed under the restraints of law and religion, manifests itself chiefly in intellectual and moral courage and resistance, in sarcasm, hatred, &c.; and yet, the primary function of resistance and opposition, in both instances, is the same in its nature, degree, and aims. The same is true of all the other faculties; so that, in describing character correctly, it is necessary for the phrenologist to know under what influences, and in what circumstances, the individual examined, has been placed.

The author does not intend, in this connexion, to touch upon the influence of education in radically changing the

• Henry Clay.

relative power and activity of the various mental faculties, or in moulding and materially changing the character of individuals, but he will reserve, for a future chapter, some remarks upon its importance, its influence, and the proper method of conducting it.

SHAPE OF THE ORGANS.

Each mental faculty, as has been already shown, is manifested by means of two organs, occupying a corresponding portion of each hemisphere of the brain. The same principle of double organs obtains here, as is exemplified in the case of the eye, the ear, &c., and, doubtless, for the same good reason, namely, that when one organ is injured, the other may perform the function. In shape, the organs are conical, their apex being at the medulla ablongata, and their base at the skull. The medulla oblongata is situated at the base of the brain, or, rather, forms the capital of the column of the spinal marrow. A straight line drawn from the opening of one ear to that of the other, would pass nearly through it.

A more particular account of the anatomy of the brain, as connected with phrenology, may be found in Dr. Spurzheim's Phrenological Works, and in G. Combe's "System of Phrenology." As the limits of the present work, do not give the author sufficient space to do justice to this subject, it is left comparatively untouched, and, as it has been so fully and so ably presented by these authors, it is the less necessary that he should enter into an examination of it.

It has already been shown, that the power of each faculty, and its tendency to action, are proportionate to the size of its respective organ. In order to determine the size of the organs, it is necessary to ascertain their length and their breadth. The length of the organs may be determined by observing the distance from the external opening of the ear to that part of the skull in which they terminate; and the breadth, by the surface of the skull they occupy. It is supposed that the portion of an organ which is nearest to the skull, is chiefly used in the exercise of the mental functions.

In some heads, the organs are sharper and more elongated than in others, thus presenting a greater prominence; in others, they are shorter and broader. The shape of the former, denotes greater activity and quickness, and less par e; that of the latter, greater intensity and strength.

TEST OF THE FACULTIES.

Before we enter upon the classification or description of the several faculties, it will be necessary to lay down some rules by which to test each supposed faculty, that we may thus be able to decide correctly, not only upon the claims of the faculties as now laid down by phrenologists, but also upon all that may be hereafter proposed as discoveries.

What is a faculty? The test which was proposed by Spurzheim, and which is generally followed, is that

1. Which exists in one kind of animals and not in another; 2. Which varies in the sexes of the same species;

3. Which is not proportionate to the other faculties of the same individual;

4. Which does not manifest itself simultaneously with the other faculties; that is, which appears or disappears ear lier or later than they;

5. Which may act or repose singly;

6. Which individually is propagated in a distinct manner from parents to children; and,

7. Which singly may preserve its proper state of health, or be affected by disease.

These seem to be descriptions of the phenomena of a faculty, rather than a definition of its nature. A more simple and comprehensive test seems to be,

That power of the mind which performs one, and but one, distinct and homogeneous class or kind of functions, and which is manifested by means of a given portion of the brain. Whenever, therefore, we ascertain that there is exercised a distinct class of functions, having for their end one important object, we may infer, that there exists a distinct faculty which performs it; and, vice versa, that the existence of a faculty presupposes, and necessarily implies, a corresponding sui generis class of functions which this faculty produces. Upon submitting the faculties as laid down in this work, to this test, it will be found that the functions ascribed to amat., combat., acquis., benev., hope, firm., caus., and all the rest, constitute each a distinct, homogeneous class directed to a specifick end. and exercised by so many distinct portions of the brain; and each supposed discovery of a faculty, which does not conform to these requisitions, is spurious.