These faculties create those moral, religious, and devo tional feelings and emotions which enter so largely into the human character; humanize, adorn, elevate, and soften the nature of man; constitute man a moral and accountable being, and connect him with the moral government of God; create those moral duties and relations which exist between man and his Maker, and also between man and man; and produce those characteristicks commonly attributed to angels, and (except in a vastly greater degree) to the Supreme Being. They are located in the superiour anterior, or the frontal, portion of the upper part of the head, and, when large or very large, throw a proportionally large amount of brain into this region, elevating and elongating it in this direction, as in the case of Frankn, Herschell, and the rou female in the cuts; but when smal, this portion of the he ow and slopes rapidly, as in the cuts No. 8. 12. 14. 42.

These faculties are of a mixed nature, participating the properties both of the human sentiments and of the intellec tual faculties. They tend to the adornment and perfectior of the human mind, by creating in it a taste and a talent for the fine arts and polite literature, for constructing, manufac turing, copying, and the like. They are located partly be tween the forehead and the portion of the head covered by hair, and partly within the latter, giving, when large or very

large, a fulness and breadth to this portion of the head; but when small, the head where the hair begins to appear, is narrow and flattened.

ORDER II. Intellectual Faculties.

These faculties have to do exclusively with objects and things, their physical qualities, and abstract relations. They create a thirst for information, and furnish the ability to acquire knowledge in general; take cognizance of facts and conditions, and remember them, and constitute what is commonly called the intellect, understanding, or judgment.

GENUS I. PERCEPTIVE FACULTIES.

These perceive natural objects and their physica. qualities, together with some of their relations. They constitute the direct medium of communication between the other faculties and the material world, and convey to the mind all the physical information it is capable of acquiring.

Species I. EXTERNAL SENSES.

They are,

SENSATION,

SIGHT,

HEARING,

(that is, feeling or touch.)

In accordance with the usage of his predecessors, the author has left these faculties unnumbered; but, inasmuch as they

TASTE, SMELL. occupy each a given portion of the brain, and are also mental faculties, there evidently exists no good reason why they should not, in like manner, be numbered.

These perform the first portion of the process of observ ing the physical qualities of material objects. The eye, for example, may be perfectly good, yet the individual be utter ly unable to distinguish between the colours of objects, or some of their other qualities; so that, in observing a colour, the faculty of sight performs the first portion of the process, and that of colour, the second. Hence, neither, acting separately, can take cognizance of the colour of objects. This example will also furnish an idea of the difference existing between the other external senses, and the other perceptive aculties. Their perfection materially assists the other intelactual, and even the affective, faculties; yet, there is no absolute dependance of the functions of the one upon the fune ions of the other.

These store the mind with individual facts; furnish a gene ral knowledge of things, their conditions, and qualities; collect statistical information; create a desire and a talent proporcionate to their size, for observing and knowing; and thus render very great assistance in doing every kind of business. They are located directly about the eyes-their principal medium of communication with the external world-and, when large or very large, cause the lower portion of the forehead above the eyes, proportionally to protrude, as in the cut of Herschell, of the Indians, of the New Zealander, the bust of Washington, &c., (see corresponding part of cut No. 2;) but when they are moderate or small, this portion is proportionally depressed, as in the cut of Franklin.

Species III. SEMI-PERCEPTIVE FACULTIES.

These constitute a class of faculties intermediate between those which perceive objects and their physical qualities, and those which comprehend the abstract relations of things, and have to do with a class of facts which are not necessarily of a physical character. Some of these faculties are much stronger in children than in men, and their corresponding organs proportionally larger: hence, the depression general ly observable in the middle of the foreheads of the latter, and the fulness and roundness in that of the former.

GENUS II. REFLECTIVE OR REASONING FACULTIES.

They are,

36. CAUSALITY,

37. COMPARISON,

Abbreviated. caus. compar.

These form ideas; reason; superintend the operation of the other faculties; perceive abstract and metaphysical rela tions, the connexion between cause and effect, proposition and inference, &c.; form judgment; discover truth and absurdity, &c. They are located in the superiour and frontal portion of the forehead. When they are large, or very large, the upper portion of the forehead is very high, broad, and deep, as well as prominent, as in the cut of Franklin; but when they are small, this portion of the forehead is low, narrow, and depressed, as in the cut of the Indian.

COMBINATIONS OF THE CLASSES OF
FACULTIES.

The back part of the head, called occipital, is exclusively occupied by the organs of the propensities and selfish sentiments: the remaining portion is called frontal, and is devoted to the organs of the sentiments and the intellect. The portion represented by the lower portion of cut No. 2, is called basilar, and the portion above it, coronal; the former being allotted to the organs of the selfish propensities and perceptive faculties, which constitute the principal faculties possessed by animals, and the latter, to those of the sentiments and reasoning faculties.

The influence of the various combinations of faculties upon the character, constitutes one of the most important features of phrenology; and in nothing is this influence more. manifest than in those more general combinations of the va rious classes of faculties already mentioned. One in whom the occipital region, (or the organs of the propensities and propelling powers,) is much larger than the frontal, will have proportionally more of feeling than reason; of passion, than intellect; of propelling, than directing, power; of efficiency, than depth and strength, of intellect; of mental sail, than ballast; of zeal, and energy, and action, than judgment; of the animal, than of the intellectual and moral, qualities: but

when the occipital portion is smaller than the frontal, the char acter will be directly the opposite.

One in whom the basilar region greatly predominates over the coronal, will possess great force and efficiency of character; a ready talent for business and study; and strong passions applied to selfish purposes, but accompanied with less morality and elevation of character and feeling; less depth o intellect, with less of the moral, religious, and human senti ments; and yet, with full comparison and causality, may be capable of conducting and effecting important operations This portion of the brain is generally large in men who distinguish themselves in the world.

One who possesses a much greater development of the moral and intellectual organs, than of the propensities, will have goodness, with less greatness or force, of character, morality and virtue, joined with want of impetus, if not of efficiency; will have fine talents and a love for moral and intellectual pursuits, accompanied with so much modesty and dependance, if not actual tameness, of character, that he will not be likely to rise in the world, unless pushed forward by others, but may then distinguish himself; will be amiable and sentimental, if not eminently pious, yet effect but little, This organization is but poorly adapted to the exigences of the nineteenth century.

One having large or very large organs of the propensities and of the religious sentiments, and reasoning faculties only moderate or full, may struggle hard against the current of his propensities, yet will be liable to be often overcome by it; may endeavour to live a virtuous, Christian life, yet will be sometimes guilty of gross inconsistencies, and apt to take contracted views of religious subjects, and indulge, alternately, both classes of organs; but, with the moral and reasoning organs equally large, will be obliged to struggle hard, yet will generally struggle successfully, against his easily besetting sins," and, in general, be consistent in his religious belief and practice.

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One having the propensities well developed, with very large moral and intellectual organs, will combine great strength of mind with great energy of character, directed by the human sentiments, and applied to the advancement of moral and benevolent objects, and be a talented and useful member of society, yet have many faults.

One with the propensities and the intellectual organs