The Ecology of Stress

anxiety appraisal approach argued aspects behavior biological biopsy chapter cognitive combat combat stress reactions concept confrontation conservation of resources contrast contribution coping crisis demands depression develop dimension ecological congruence emotional distress emphasized environment environmental Eustress evaluated example experience factors feelings Folkman function gain hardiness Hobfoll illness implies important individuals instance interaction interpretation intervention intimacy intimate investment Kobasa lack Lazarus learned helplessness levels locus of control loss of resources loved mastery Meichenbaum model of conservation model of ecological models of stress needs negative objective occur outcome perception personal characteristics personal resources physical positive predicted problems psychological distress psychopathology relationships response role sample Sarason self-esteem sense situation social resources social support soldiers spouse strain strategies stress reactions stress researchers stress resistance stress-buffering effect stressful circumstances stressful events stressors suggests symptoms theory threat valence of effect values variables vis-à-vis well-being women