Thermal Physics

adiabatic adiabatic process amount antisymmetric approximation bosons C₁ called canonical ensemble Carnot cycle Chapter chemical potential collisions compute constant coordinates corresponding crystal curve degree of freedom dependence distribution function electrons entropy equal equation equilibrium example extensive variable factor fermions Figure flow fluid formula gas of point gases Gibbs function grad heat capacity helium increases independent variables integral internal energy isothermal kinetic energy lattice liquid low temperatures magnetic field Maxwell distribution measured microstates mole molecular molecules momentum motion number of particles obtain P₁ pair paramagnetic partition function perfect gas phase space photons point atoms potential energy pressure probability density properties proportional quantity quantum numbers quasistatic process second law spin substance superfluid thermal thermodynamic thermometer V₁ velocity vibration volume wave function zero ат