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omitted, that the learner might not be ind them for words in present use. Such drunken, holpen, molten, gotten, holden, b swang, wrang, slank, strawed, gat, brake, SECT. 11. Of Defective Verbs; and of in which verbs are conjugat

DEFECTIVE VERBS are those w only in some of their moods and te

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Present.

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Can,

could,

May,

might,

Shall,

should,

Will,

would,

Must,

must,

Ought,

ought,

quoth,

That the verbs must and ought have past signification, appears from the fol "I must own that I am to blame ;""H mistaken:" "Speaking things which "These ought ye to have done."

In most languages there are some v fective with respect to persons. Thes impersonal verbs. They are used only because they refer to a subject peculiar that person; as, "It rains, it snows, it thunders." But as the word impersona sence of persons, it is improperly ap which have a person; and hence it is m no such thing in English, nor indeed, in sort of verbs really impersonal.

The whole number of verbs in the regular and irregular, simple and cor gether, is about 4300. The number of

defective included. is about 177.*

Some grammarians have thought tha

*The whole number of words, in the Eng thirty-five thousand.

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ly proposed three conjugations; namely, the first to sist of verbs, the participles of which end in ed, or its ntraction ; the second, of those ending in ght; and the rd of those in en. But as the verbs of the first conjugan, would so greatly exceed in number those of both the mers, as may be seen by the preceding account of them; d as those of the third conjugation are so various in eir form, and incapable of being reduced to one plain le; it seems better in practice, as Dr. Lowth justly oberves, to consider the first in ed as the only regular form, nd the other as deviations from it; after the example of e Saxon and German grammarians.

Before we close the account of the verbs, it may afford struction to the learners, to be informed, more particulary than they have been, that different nations have made se of different contrivances for marking the tenses and hoods of their verbs. The Greeks and Latins distinguish hem, as well as the cases of their nouns, adjectives, and participles, by varying the termination, or otherwise changng the form of the word; retaining, however, those radical etters, which prove the inflection to be of the same kindred with its root. The modern tongues, particularly the English, abound in auxiliary words, which vary the meaning of the noua, or the verb, without requiring any consid erable varieties of inflection. Thus, I do love, I did love, I have loved, I had loved, I shall love, have the same import with amo, amabam, amavi, amaveram, amabo. It is obvious that a language, like the Greek and Latin, which can thus comprehend in one word the meaning of two or three words, must have some advantages over those which are not so comprehensive. Perhaps, indeed, it may not be more perspicuous; but in the arrangement of words, and consequently in harmony and energy, as well as in conciseness, it may be much more elegant.

CHAPTER VII.

OF ADVERBS.

AN Adverb is a part of speech joined to a verb, an adjective, and sometimes to another adverb, to

"He writes very correctly? Some adverbs are compared, sooner, soonest;"" often, oftener Those ending in ly, are compared most: as, "Wisely, more wisely,

Adverbs seem originally to have bec press compendiously in one word, wha have required two or more; as, "He act acted with wisdom; "prudently," for "He did it here," for, he did it in this ingly," for, to a great degree; "ofter many, and for few times; " very," for, gree, &c.

There are many words in the English sometimes used as adjectives, and som as, "More men than women were there diligent than he." In the former senten ly an adjective, and in the latter, an a others that are sometimes used as subst times as adverbs: as, "To-day's lesson terday's;" here to-day and yesterday a cause they are words that make sense admit besides of a genitive case: but i came home yesterday and sets out agai adverbs of time; because they ansv when. The adverb much is used as all much is given, much is required;" been expended;" "It is much better In the first of these sentences, much the second, it is an adjective; and in t In short, nothing but the sense can

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Adverbs, though very numerous, ma tain classes, the chief of which are th der, Place, Time, Quantity, Manner or firmation, Negation, Interrogation and

1. Of Number: as, "Once, twice, t 2. Of Order: as, " First, secondly, t ly, lastly, finally," &c.

3. Of Place: as, "Here, there, w

4. Of Time.

Of time present: as, "Now, to-day," &c.

Of time past: as, "Already, before, lately, yesterday, retofore, hitherto, long since, long ago," &c

Of time to come: as, "To morrow, not yet, hereafter, enceforth, henceforward, by and by, instantly, presently, mediately, straightways," &c.

Of time indefinite: as, "Oft, often, oft-times, often-times, ometimes, soon, seldom, daily, weekly, monthly, yearly, lways, when, then, ever, never, again," &c.

5. Of quantity: as, "Much, little, sufficiently, how nuch, how great, enough, abundantly," &c.

6. Of manner or quality: as, "Wisely, foolishly, justly, anjustly, quickly, slowly," &c. Adverbs of quality are the most numerous kind; and they are generally formed by adding the termination ly to an adjective or participle, or changing le into ly: as, "Bad, badly; cheerful, cheerfully; able, ably; admirable, admirably "

7. Of doubt: as, "Perhaps, peradventure, possibly, perchance."

8. Of affirmation: as, " Verily, truly, undoubtedly, doubtless, certainly, yea, yes, surely, indeed, really," &c.

9 Of negation: as, "Nay, no, not, by no means, not at all, in no wise," &c.

10. Of interrogation: whether," &c.

as, "How, why, wherefore,

11. Of comparison: as, "More, most, better, best, worse, worst, less, least, very, almost, little, alike," &c.

Besides the adverbs already mentioned, there are many which are formed by a combination of several of the prepositions with the adverbs of place; here, there and where : as, "Hereof, thereof, whereof; hereto, thereto, whereto; hereby, thereby, whereby; herewith, therewith, wherewith; herein, therein, wherein; therefore, (i. e. therefor,) wherefore, (i. e. where-for,) hereupon or hereon, thereupon or thereon, whereupon or whereon," &c. Except therefore, these are seldom used.

In some instances the preposition suffers no change, but becomes an adverb merely by its application: as when we

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nouns, and the letter a used instead "Aside, athirst, afoot, ahead, asleep, abo aground, afloat," &c.

The words when and where, and all d nature, such as, whence, whither, whene may be properly called adverbial conj they participate the nature both of adv tions of conjunctions, as they conjoin sen as they denote the attributes either of tim It may be particulary observed with re therefore, that it is an adverb, when, wit tences, it only gives the sense of, for th it gives that sense, and also connects, as, "He is good, therefore he is happy. servation may be extended to the word cordingly, and the like. When these ar or joined to if, since, &c. they are adver being made without their help: when and unsupported by any other connective ed conjunctions.

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The inquisitive scholar may naturally ty there is for adverbs of time, when with tenses, to show that circumstanc though tenses may be sufficient to dend tinctions of time, yet to denote them all be a perplexity without end. What must be given to the verb, to denote ye morrow, formerly, lately, just now, now Isently, soon, hereafter, &c. It was this made the adverbs of time necessary, of

CHAPTER VIII.

Of PREPOSITIONS.

PREPOSITIONS serve to connect another, and to show the relation They are, for the most part, put b pronouns, as, " He went from Lo He went from Lo She is above disguise ;" "The

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