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Verbs are often compounded of a verb and a preposition, , to uphold, to invest, to overlook; and this composition metimes gives a new sense to the verb; as, to underand, to withdraw, to forgive. But in English, the prepotion is more frequently placed after the verb, and sepaately from it, like an adverb, in which situation it is not ess apt to affect the sense of it, and to give it a new meanng; and may still be considered as belonging to the verb, nd as a part of it. As, to cast, is to throw; but to cast up, r to compute, an account, is quite a different thing: thus, o fall on, to bear out, to give over, &c. So that the meanng of the verb, and the propriety of the phrase, depend on he preposition subjoined.

In the composition of many words, there are certain sylables employed, which grammarians have called inseparale prepositions: as, be, con, mis, &c. in bedeck, conjoin, mistake: but as they are not words of any kind, they cannot properly be called a species of prepositions.

One great use of prepositions, in English, is, to express those relations, which, in some languages, are chiefly marked by cases, or the different endings of nouns. See page

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The necessity and use of them will appear from the following examples. If we say, "he writes a pen,' ran the river," "the tower fell the Greeks," "Lambeth is Westminster-abbey," there is observable, in each of these expressions, either a total want of connexion, or such a connexion as produces falsehood or nonsense and it is evident, that, before they can be turned into sense, the vacancy must be filled up by some connecting word: as, thus, He writes with a pen;" "they ran towards the river;" "the tower fell upon the Greeks;" "Lambeth is over against Westminster-abbey." We see by these instances, how prepositions may be necessary to connect those words, which in their signification are not naturally connected.

Prepositions, in their original and literal acceptation, seem to have denoted relations of place; but they are now used figuratively to express other relations. For example,

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low places are used for superiority and in al: as, "He is above disguise;" "we s master;" "he rules over a willing peop do nothing beneath our character."

The importance of the prepositions wi ceived by the explanation of a few of then

Of denotes possession or belonging, a quence, and other relations connected "The house of my friend;" that is, "the to my friend:" "He died of a fever;" t quence of a fever."

To or unto, is opposed to from; as, "F bury to Winchester."

For indicates the cause or motive of an stance, &c. as, "He loves her for (that her amiable qualities."

By is generally used with reference t means, &c.; as, "He was killed by a fall was the cause of his being killed;" "Th by him;" that is, "he was the builder o

With denotes the act of accompanying "We will go with you;" "They are of each other,"-With also alludes to the in as, "He was cut with a knife."

In relates to time, place, the state or acting, &c. as, "He was born in (that i 1720;""He dwells in the city;" She Into is used after verbs that imply n "He retired into the country;'

Within relates to something compre or time: as, They are within the h and finished his work within the limited

The signification of without is opposi as, "She stands without the gate:" But ly opposed to with; as, "You may go z

The import and force of the remaini be readily understood, without a partic We shall, therefore, conclude this head there is a peculiar propriety in disting the prepositions by and with; which i tences like the following: "He walks

y differ in signification more than one, at first view, uld be apt to imagine.

Some of the prepositions have the appearance and effect conjunctions; as, "After their prisons were thrown en,' &c. "Before I die ;" "They made haste to be epared against their friends arrived:" but if the nour ne, which is understood, be added, they will lose their njunctive form; as, "After [the time when] their pris75," &c.

The preposition after, before, above, beneath, and severI others, sometimes appear to be adverbs, and may be so onsidered: as, "They had their reward soon after;" "He ied not long before;" "He dwells above ;" but if the nouns ime and place be added, they will lose their adverbial form; s, " He died not long before that time," &c.

CHAPTER IX.

Of CONJUNCTIONS.

A CONJUNCTION is a part of speech that is chiefly used to connect sentences; so as, out of two or more sentences, to make but one. times connects only words.

It some

Conjunctions are principally divided into two sorts, the COPULATIVE and the DISJUNCTIVE.

The Conjunction Copulative serves to connect or to continue a sentence, by expressing an addition, a supposition, a cause, &c.: as, "He and his brother reside in London ;" "I will go if he will accompany me;" "You are happy because you are good."

The Conjunction Disjunctive serves, not only to connect and continue the sentence, but also to express opposition of meaning in different degrees: as, "Though he was frequently reproved, yet he did not reform;"❝ They came with her, but they went away without her."

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The Disjunctive. But, or, nor, as, t unless, either, neither, yet, notwiths The same word is occasionally used i tion and as an adverb, and sometimes as rest then upon this argument;" then is h in the following phrase, it is an adverb; and not before." "I submitted; for it v in this sentence, for is a conjunction; in th osition: "He contended for victory only the following sentences, since is a conju cond, it is a preposition; and in the "Since we must part, let us do it peacea seen him since that time:" "Our frien long since."

Relative pronouns as well as conjunct nect sentences: as, "Blessed is the ma Lord, and keepeth his commandments."

A relative pronoun possesses the forc and a connective. Nay, the union by closer, than that by mere conjunctions. form two or more sentences into one; b several sentences may incorporate in one of a sentence. Thus, "thou seest a ma Peter," is a sentence consisting of tw united by the copulative and: but, "t seest is called Peter," is a sentence of of less comprehensive than the other.

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Conjunctions very often unite senter pear to unite only words; as in the fo "Duty and interest forbid vicious ind dom or folly governs us. Each of thes ion contains two sentences, namely; "D indulgences; interest forbids vicious ind dom governs us, or folly governs us.

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Though the conjunction is commonly tences together, yet, on some occasions words, not sentences; as, "The king amiable pair'; where the affirmation ca it being absurd to say, that the king or amiable pair. So in the instances, "two "the fifth and sixth volumes will comple

are designed to show the relations, which those words, united, have to other parts of the sentence.

As there are many conjunctions and connective phrases propriated to the coupling of sentences, that are never ployed in joining the members of a sentence; so there several conjunctions appropriated to the latter use, ich are never employed in the former; and some that equally adapted to both those purposes: as, again, fur-r, besides, &c. of the first kind; than, lest, unless, that, that, &c. of the second; and but, and, for, therefore, &c. the last.

We shall close this chapter with a few observations on e peculiar use and advantage of the conjunctions; a subet which will, doubtless, give pleasure to the ingenious udent, and expand his views of the importance of his ammatical studies.

"Relatives are not so useful in language, as conjunctions. he former make speech more concise; the latter make it ore explicit. Relatives comprehend the meaning of a ronoun and conjunction copulative: conjunctions, while ey couple sentences, may also express opposition, infernce, and many other relations and dependencies.

Till men began to think in a train, and to carry their easonings to a considerable length, it is not probable that hey would make much use of conjunctions, or of any othr connectives. Ignorant people, and children, generally peak in short and separate sentences. The same thing is rue of barbarous nations and hence uncultivated langua;es, are not well supplied with connecting particles. The Greeks were the greatest reasoners that ever appeared in n the world; and their language, accordingly, abounds nore than any other in connectives.

Conjunctions are not equally necessary in all sorts of writing. In poetry, where great conciseness of phrase is required, and every appearance of formality avoided, many of them would have a bad effect. In passionate language too, it may be proper to omit them: because it is the nature of violent passion, to speak rather in disjointed sentences, than in the way of inference and argument. Books of aphorisms, like the Proverbs of Solomon, have few connectives; because they instruct, not by reasoning, but in detached obser

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