he infinitive after the governing verb, yet there are parular cases in which it would be better to give the expresn a different form. Thus, instead of saying, "I wish to e written to him sooner," "I then wished to have writto him sooner," "He will one day wish to have written ner;" it would be more perspicuous and forcible, as well more agreeable to the practice of good writers, to say; wish that I had written to him sooner," "I then wished at I had written to him sooner," "He will one day wish at he had written sooner. Should the justness of these -ictures be admitted, there would still be numerous occaons for the use of the past infinitive; as we may perceive a few examples. "It would ever afterwards have been a urce of pleasure, to have found him wise and virtuous." To have deferred his repentance lenger, would have disalified him for repenting at all." "They will then see, at to have faithfully performed their duty, would have een their greatest consolation."*

RULE XIV.

Participles have the same government as the erbs have from which they are derived: as, "I m weary with hearing him ;" "She is instructng us;" "The tutor is admonishing Charles."

1. Participles are sometimes governed by the article: or the present participle with the definite article the before , becomes a substantive, and must have the preposition of fter it: as, "These are the rules of grammar, by the oberving of which, you may avoid mistakes." It would not e proper to say, " by the observing which;" nor, "by observing of which;" but the phrase, without either article or preposition, would be right: as, "by observing which." The article a or an, has the same effect: as, "This was a betraying of the trust reposed in him."

This rule arises from the nature and idiom of our lan

* See Key to the English Exercises, Eleventh Edit. Rule xiii-the Note.

†See "English Exercises," Eleventh Edit. p. 97.

and, if a noun, it ought to follow the c and not to have the regimen of a verb al termination of this sort of words t us, and make us treat them as if the ous species, partly nouns and partly v

The following are a few examples rule. He was sent to prepare the repentance;" it ought to be, "by th tance;" or, "by preaching repentan ual mortifying our corrupt affection the continual mortifying of" or, "b ing our corrupt affections." "The towards the advancing and promoting wards advancing and promoting the valuing ourselves, to reduce every thi ure of our capacities;" "it is over "an overvaluing of ourselves " seven," &c. it ought to be, the ke "keeping one day."

A phrase in which the article pre ciple and the possessive preposition every instance, convey the same me veyed by the participle without the "He expressed the pleasure he had philosopher," is capable of a differe pressed the pleasure he had in he When therefore we wish, for the sa ty, to substitute one of these phrase should previously consider whether lar in the sentiments they convey.

2. The same observations which ing the effect of the article and p applicable to the pronoun and par similarly associated: as, "Much d ing of the rule, and error will be th neglecting of it," instead of "their their neglecting it." We shall per if we substitute a noun for the prono upon Tyro's observing of the rule, struction sounds rather harshly, it ter to express the sentiment in the

rk may be applied to several other modes of expression be found in this work; which, though they are contendfor as strictly correct, are not always the most eligible, account of their unpleasant sound. See pages 46, 65, -145.

We sometimes meet with expressions like the follow: "In forming of his sentences, he was very exact;" From calling of names he proceeded to blows." But this ncorrect language; for prepositions do not, like articles l pronouns, convert the participle itself into the nature a substantive; as we have shown above in the phrase, By observing which." And yet the participle with its adncts, may be considered as a substantive phrase in the cbctive case, governed by the preposition or verb, expressed understood: as, "By promising much, and performing t little, we become despicable." "He studied to avoid pressing himself too severely."

3. As the perfect participle and the imperfect tense are metimes different in their form, care must be taken that at they be not indiscriminately used. It is frequently id, "He begun," for "he began;" he run, " for "he ran ;" He drunk," for "he drank;" the participle being here sed instead of the imperfect tense and much more freuently the imperfect tense instead of the participle: as, I had wrote," for I had written; "I was chose," for I was chosen;" "I have eat," for "I have eaten." "His words were interwove with sighs;" were interwoven.” He would have spoke;" "spoken." He hath bore witess to his faithful servants;" "borne." "By this means he ver-run his guide;"" over-ran.” "The sun has rose;" · risen." "His constitution has been greatly shook, but is mind is too strong to be shook by such causes •" "shak-n," in both places. "They were verses wrote on glass ;" written." "Philosophers have often mistook the source of true happiness;" it ought to be "mistaken."

The participle ending in ed is often improperly contracted by changing ed into t; as, " In good behaviour, he is not surpast by any pupil of the school."

"She was much dis

trest." They ought to be "surpassed," "distressed,"

of case, tense, &c. require an ation in the sentence, viz. for before adjectives, after verbs and frequently between the a verb: as, "He made a ver

course; he spoke unaffectedl and was attentively heard b sembly."

A few instances of erroneous posi serve to illustrate the rule. "He m study agreeable always ;" "always ag ways find them ready when we wa them always ready," &c. "Dissertatio which have remarkably been fulfilled remarkably." "Instead of looking on the crooked in mind or in body, we fully to God, who hath made us better ing down contemptuously, &c. we s up,' &c. "If thou art blessed natura ry, continually exercise it;"natura ercise it continually."

Sometimes the adverb is placed wit verb, or at some distance after it; s two auxiliaries; and sometimes after following examples. Vice always insensibly twines around us those which we are at last completely boun the English barons to carry thei "They compelled him to declare tha realm for ever;" instead of "to car tion;" and, "to abjure for ever t generally been reckoned an honest m always be had at such a place :" i been generally :" and " may be alw will be clearly understood, after the studied," are preferable to, «Thes understood, after they have diligently

From the preceding remarks and that no exact and determinate rule

rded.

The adverb there is often used as an expletive, or as a ord that adds nothing to the sense; in which case it predes the verb and the nominative noun: as, "There is a rson at the door;" "There are some thieves in the use;" which would be as well, or better, expressed by ing, "A person is at the door ;""Some thieves are in the use. Sometimes it is made use of to give a small degree emphasis to the sentence: as," There was a man sent om God, whose name was John." When it is applied in its rict sense, it principally follows the verb and the nominawe case: as, "The man stands there."

1. The adverb never generally precedes the verb: as, I never was there :" "He never comes at a proper time." When an auxiliary is used, it is placed indifferently, either efore or after this adverb: as, "He was never seen (or ever was seen) to laugh from that time." Never seems o be improperly used in the following passages. "Ask he never so much dowry and gift." "If I make my ands never so clean." "Charm he never so wisely." The old "ever" would be more suitable to the sense.

2. In imitation of the French idiom, the adverb of place where, is often used instead of the pronoun relative and a reposition. "They framed a protestation, where they repeated all their former claims;" i. e. "in which they reeated." "The king was still determined to run forwards n the same course where he was already, by his precipitate areer, too fatally advanced;" i. e. "in which he was.". But it would be better to avoid this mode of expression. The adverbs hence, thence, and whence, imply a preposiion; for they signify, "from this place, from that place, rom what place." It seems, therefore, strictly speaking, to be improper to join a preposition with them, because it s superfluous: as, "This is the leviathan, from whence the wits of our age are said to borrow their weapons ;” « An ancient author prophesies from hence." But the origin of these words is little attended to end the preposition from so often used in construction with them, that the emission of it, in many cases, would seem stiff, and be disagreeable. The adverbs here, there, where, are often improperly ap