ressea une king, and has been prorogued the same day; and was prorogued." His wealth and him bid adieu to "My "We ach other;" "and he." He entreated us, my comrade nd I, to live harmoniously;" "comrade and me.” ister and her were on good terms;"" and she.” ften overlook the blessings which are in our possession, ad are searching after those which are out of our reach :" It ought to be, "and search after." 1. Conjunctions are, indeed, frequently made to connect ifferent moods and tenses of verbs: but in these instances The nominative must generally, if not always, be repeated, which is not necessary, though it may be done, under the construction to which the rule refers. We may say, "He "He ives temperately, and he should live temperately;' nay return, but he will not continue;" "She was proud, though she is now humble:" but it is obvious, that, in such cases, the nominative ought to be repeated; and that, by this means, the latter members of these sentences are rendered not so strictly dependent on the preceding, as those are which come under the rule. When, in the progress of a sentence, we pass from the affirmative to the negative form, or from the negative to the affirmative, the subject or nominative is always resumed: as, "He is rich, but he is not respectable " "He is not rich, but he is respectable." There appears to be, in general, equal reason for repeating the nominative, and resuming the subject, when the course of the sentence is diverted by a change of the mood or tense. The following sentences may therefore be improved. Anger glances into the breast of a wise man, but will rest only in the bosom of fools;" "but rests only;" or, but it will rest only." "Virtue is praised by many, and would be desired also, if her worth were really known;" "and she would." "The world begins to recede, and will soon disappear;"" and i will," See the Octavo Grammar, Rule XVIII. RULE XIX. Some conjunctions require the indicative, some the subjunctive mood after them. It is a general rule, that when something contingent or doubtful is implied, the subjunctive ought to be used: as, Conjunctions that are of a posi nature, require the indicative mo advances, so vice recedes:"H cause he is temperate." The conjunctions, if, though, unless generally require the subjunctive moo thou be afflicted, repine not ;""Thot will I trust in him;"" He cannot be himself;" "No power, except it were "Whether it were I or they, so we prea conjunctions, when the sentence does mit of the indicative: as, "Though tented." See Subj. Mood, page 63,1 The following example may, in sor illustrate the distinction between th indicative moods. "Though he were spoke therefore as the oracles of Go thority; though he were endued with and could, therefore, have confirme uttered, by miracles: yet, in compl which human nature and reasonable wrought upon, he reasoned." That o ly inspired, and ended with supern sitions that are here taken for grante least doubt; they would therefore ha ed in the indicative mood: "Thous spired; though he was endued with The subjunctive is used in the like i following example: Though he s he obedience, by the things which h similar passage, the indicative, with ployed to the same purpose; "Th for your sakes he became poor." 1. Lest and that, annexed to a co cessarily require the subjunctive sleep, lest thou come to poverty;" " lest he hate thee;" "Take heed t Jacob." If with but following it, when futu the subjunctive mood: as, "If he ion, he does but jest, no offence should be taken;"" If she = but sincére, I am happy." The same distinction applies o the following forms of expression: "If he do submit, it will be from nccessity;" "Though he does submit, he is ot convinced;" "If thou do not reward this service, he will be discouraged;" "If thou dost heartily forgive him, ndeavor to forget the offence." 2. In the following instances, the conjunction that expressed or understood, seems to be improperly accompanied with the subjunctive mood. "So much she dreaded is tyranny, that the fate of her friend she dare not lament." He reasoned so artfully that his friends would listen and hink [that] he were not wrong." 3. The same conjunction governing both the indicative and the subjunctive moods, in the same sentence, and in the same circumstances, seems to be a great impropriety: as in these instances, "If there be but one body of legislators, it is no better than a tyranny: If there are only two, there will want a casting voice." "If a man have a hundred sheep, and one of them is gone astray," &c. 66 4. Almost all the irregularities, in the construction of any language, have arisen from the ellipsis of some words, which were originally inserted in the sentence, and made it regular; and it is probable, that this has generally been the case with respect to the conjunctive form of words, now in use; which will appear from the following examples: "We shall overtake him though he run;" that is, though he should run;""Unless he act prudently, he will not accomplish his purpose;" that is, "unless he shall act prudently.' "If he succeed and obtain his end, he will not be the happier for it ;" that is, "If he should succeed, and should obtain his end." These remarks and examples are designed to show the original of many of our present conjunctive forms of expression; and to enable the student to examine the propriety of using them, by tracing the words in question to their proper origin and ancient connexions. But it is necessary to be more particular on this subject, and therefore we shall add a few observations respecting it.. That part of the verb which grammarians call the present tense of the subjunctive mood. has a future signification. This is effected by varying the terminations of the second will never be learned." Some writers ho these sentiments without those variation est," &c. "Unless he studies," &c.: diversity of practice in this point, it i learners a few remarks, to assist them right application of these different for may be considered as a rule, that the tion are necessary, when these two ci 1st, When the subject is of a dubiou ture; and 2d, When the verb has ref In the following sentences, both the be found to unite; "If thou injure a thyself;" "He has a hard heart; and itent, he must suffer;" "He will m though he lose his estate;" "Whethe intention is laudable;" "If he be not not repine;"If a man smite his ser Exodus xxi. 20. In all these examp ed by the verbs are uncertain, and But in the instances which follow, fu red to; and therefore a different con "If thou livest virtuously, thou art means what he says, he is doubly fait the excellence of virtue, he does not "Though he seems to be simple and ed us ;""Whether virtue is bette admits not of any dispute ;" "If tho heart thou mayst," &c. Acts viii. sentences introduced by conjunctions tingency nor futurity is denoted: as her in knowledge she far exceeds hi no doubt of his principles: but if he religion, he does not act according t That both the circumstances of c are necessary, as tests of the propri minations, will be evident. by inspe amples; which show that there are ther of the circumstances alone imp three examples following, continge futurity: "If he thinks as he spe trusted. "If he is now disposed ate.” It appears, from the tenor of the examples adduced, that e rules above mentioned may be extended to assert, that cases wherein contingency and futurity do not concur, it not proper to turn the verb from its signification of prest time, nor to vary its form or termination. The verb ould then be in the indicative mood, whatever conjuncons might attend it. If these rules, which seem to form e true distinction between the subjunctive and the indicaive moods in this tense, were adopted and established in ractice, we should have, on this point, a principle of decison simple and precise, and readily applicable to every case hat might occur. It will, doubtless, sometimes happen, hat, on this occasion, as well as on many other occasions, a trict adherence to grammatical rules, would render the anguage stiff and formal: but when cases of this sort occur, t is better to give the expression a different turn, than to iolate grammar for the sake of ease, or even of elegance. See Rule 14. Note 2. 5 On the form of the auxiliaties in the compound tenses of the subjunctive mood, it seems proper to make a few observations. Some writers express themselves in the perfect tense, as follows: "If thou have determined we must submit:" "Unless he have consented, the writing will be void?" but we believe that few authors of critical sagacity write in this manner. The proper form seems to be, "If thou hast determined; unless he has consented," &c. conformably to what we generally meet with in the Bible: "I have surnamed thee, though thou hast not known me." Isaiah xlv. 4, 5. "What is the hope of the hypocrite, though he hath gained," &c. Job xxvii. 8. See also Acts xxviii. 4. 6. In the pluperfect and future tenses, we sometimes meet with such expressions as these: "If thou had applied thyself diligently, thou wouldst have reaped the advantage;" "Unless thou shall speak the whole truth, we cannot determine;"If thou will undertake the business, there is little doubt of success This mode of expressing the auxiliaries does not appear to be warranted by the general practice of correct writers. They should be hadst, shalt, |