But when two adverbs are joined by a are not parted by the comma: as, "Some ately and presumptuously;" "There is we must live virtuously or viciously."

RULE VII. When participles are follow that depends on them, they are general the rest of the sentence by a comma : as proving the plan, put it in execution;" " ed for great enterprises, could not fail conspicuous;"" All mankind compose on under the eye of one common Father."

RULE VIII. When a conjunction is di or sentence from the verb to which it b vening phrase has usually a comma at ea "They set out early, and, before the clos ed at the destined place."

RULE IX. Expressions in a direct add from the rest of the sentence by com give me thy heart;" "I am obliged to y your many favours."

RULE X. The case absolute and the in lute, are separated by commas from t tence as "His father dying, he succee "At length, their ministry performed, they left the world in peace;" "To con much in the fault."

RULE XI. Nouns in apposition, that i other nouns in the same case, by way o lustration, when accompanied with adj commas: as, "Paul, the apostle of the nent for his zeal and knowledge ;"" Th the summer, flutters in the sun.'

But if such nouns are single, or only f they are not divided; as, "Paul the ap peror Antonius wrote an excellent book

RULE XII. Simple members of sente comparatives, are for the most part dist

ma:

"As the hart panteth after the w

5་མསྡ་ས་

ter is it to get wisdom than gold!" "Mankind act oftenfrom caprice than reason."

RULE XIII. When words are placed in opposition to each ■er, or with some marked variety, they require to be disguished by a comma; as,

"Tho' deep, yet clear; tho' gentle, yet not dull;

Strong, without rage; without o'erflowing, full.” 'Good men in this frail, imperfect state, are often found, - only in union with, but in opposition to, the views and duct of one another."

Sometimes, when the word with which the last preposin agrees is single, it is better to omit the comma before as, "Many states were in alliance with, and under the otection of Rome "

The same rule and restriction must be applied when two more nouns refer to the same preposition: as, "He s composed both under the threatening and at the apbach, of a cruel and lingering death;" "He was not only king, but the Father of his people."

RULE XIV. A remarkable expression, or a short observan, somewhat in a manner of a quotation, may be propermarked with a comma: as," It hurts a man's pride to , I do not know;" "Plutarch calls lying, the vice of _ves."

RULE XV. Relative pronouns are connective words, and nerally admit a comma before them: as, "He preaches blimely, who lives a sober, righteous, and pious life;" There is no charm in the female sex, which can supply place of virtue.”

But when two members, or phrases, are closely connectby a relative, restraining the general notion of the antedent to a particular sense, the comma, should be omitted: "Self-denial is the sacrifice which virtue must make :" A man who is of a detracting spirit will misconstrue the ost innocent words that can be put together." In the latr example, the assertion is not of "a man in general,” but "a man who is of a detracting spirit ;" and therefore they ould not be separated.

The fifteenth rule applies equally to cases in which the lative is not expressed, but understood: as, "It was from

which was, are understood.

RULE XVI. A simple member of a se within another, or following another, mu by the comma: as, To improve time, w ed with health, will smooth the bed of s often, while we are complaining of the va of human life, we make that vanity, and evils."

If, however, the members succeedin very closely connected, the comma is "Revelation tells us how we may attain I

When a verb in the influitive mood fo verb, with several words between them, gencrally have a comma at the end of th comes good and wise men, to oppose a other.'

Several verbs in the infinitive mood dependence, and succeeding one anothe by commas: as, "To relieve the indig afflicted, to protect the innocent, to re are humane and noble employments."

RULE XVII. When the verb to be is fo the infinitive mood, which, by transposi the nominative case to it, the former is from the latter verb by a comma: as, 6. remedy is, to withdraw from all associat "The first and most obvious remedy as is, to withdraw from all associations wit

RULE XVIII. When adjuncts or circu portance, and often when the natural o verted, they may be set off by commas be formed and supported, not by unfr daily and repeated exertions." "Vic wards the evening of life, grow great "Our interests are interwoven by thre "By threads innumerable, our interests

RULE XIX. Where a verb is unders often be properly introduced. This which, besides comprising some of t will apply to many cases not determined "From law arises security; from secu

Formerly, now, lastly, once more, above all, on the con, in the next place, in short, and all other words and ses, of the same kind, must generally be separated the context by a comma,; as, "Remember thy best first friend; formerly, the supporter of thy infancy, and guide of thy childhood; now, the guardian of thy youth, the hope of thy coming years." "He feared want, e, he over-valued riches." "This conduct may heal difference, nay, it may constantly prevent any in fu

"Finally, I shall only repeat what has been often ly said " "If the spring put forth no blossoms, in sumthere will be no beauty, and in autumn no fruit; so, if th be trifled away without improvement, riper years be contemptible, and old age miserable."

n many of the foregoing rules and examples, great red must be paid to the length of the clauses, and the protion which they bear to one another. An attention to sense of any passage, and to the clear, easy communion of it, will, it is presumed, with the aid of the precedrules, enable the student to adjust the proper pauses, the places for inserting the commas.

CHAPTER II.

Of the SEMICOLON.

The Semicolon is used for dividing a compound atence into two or more parts, not so closely nected as those which are separated by a com. , nor yet so little dependent on each other, as ose which are distinguished by a colon..

THE semicolon is sometimes used, when the preceding ember of the sentence does not of itself give a complete se, but depends on the following clause: and sometimes en the sense of that member would be complete without. e concluding one: as in the following instances: "As e desire of approbation, when it works according to ream, improves the amiable part of our species in every thing: at is laudable; so nothing is more destructive to them. hen it is governed by vanity and folly."

"Philosophers assert, that Nature operations; that she has inexhaustible that knowledge will always be progres ture generations will continue to n which we have not the least idea."

CHAPTER III.

Of the COLON.

The Colon is used to divide two or more parts, less connected are separated by a semicolon pendent as separate distinct sen

The Colon may be properly applied ing cases.

1. When a member of a sentence is followed by some supplemental icmar tion of the subject: as, "Nature felt cate herself from the consequences reveals the plan of Divine interposit ture confessed some atonement to be pel discovers that the necessary atone

2. When several semicolons have greater pause is necessary, in order to or concluding sentiment: as "A divin his voice from heaven; an almighty forth his arm to punish or reward; info al rest prepared hereafter for the rig nation and wrath awaiting the wicked siderations which overawe the world, Eity, and check guilt."

3. The Colon is commonly used quotation, or a speech is introduced: give us an amiable representation o words: God is love."" He was of have done with the world and am will

The propriety of using a colon, o times determined by a conjunction's