Handbook of Biomaterial PropertiesJonathan Black, Garth Hastings Progress in the development of surgical implant materials has been hindered by the lack of basic information on the nature of the tissues, organs and systems being repaired or replaced. Materials' properties of living systems, whose study has been conducted largely under the rubric of tissue mechanics, has tended to be more descriptive than quantitative. In the early days of the modern surgical implant era, this deficiency was not critical. However, as implants continue to improve and both longer service life and higher reliability are sought, the inability to predict the behavior of implanted manufactured materials has revealed the relative lack of knowledge of the materials properties of the supporting or host system, either in health or disease. Such a situation is unacceptable in more conventional engineering practice: the success of new designs for aeronautical and marine applications depends exquisitely upon a detailed, disciplined and quantitative knowledge of service environments, including the properties of materials which will be encountered and interacted with. Thus the knowledge of the myriad physical properties of ocean ice makes possible the design and development of icebreakers without the need for trial and error. In contrast, the development period for a new surgical implant, incorporating new materials, may well exceed a decade and even then only short term performance predictions can be made. |
Contents
Cortical bone | 3 |
A12 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES | 4 |
A13 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES | 5 |
ADDITIONAL READING | 12 |
Cancellous bone | 15 |
A22 COMPOSITION | 16 |
ADDITIONAL READING | 21 |
Dentin and enamel | 24 |
REFERENCES | 269 |
Thermoplastic Polymers In Biomedical Applications Structures Properties and Processing | 270 |
32 POLYETHYLENE | 272 |
33 POLYPROPYLENE | 273 |
34 POLYURETHANE | 274 |
35 POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE | 275 |
36 POLYVINYLCHLORIDE | 276 |
38 POLYACRYLATES | 278 |
A32 COMPOSITION | 25 |
A33 FINAL COMMENTS | 35 |
ADDITIONAL READING | 36 |
REFERENCES | 37 |
B11 INTRODUCTION | 40 |
B12 COMPOSITION | 41 |
B14 FIBROCARTILAGE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES | 45 |
REFERENCES | 46 |
Fibrocartilage | 48 |
B23 HYDRAULIC PERMEABILITY AND DRAG COEFFICIENTS | 51 |
B25 VISCOELASTIC BEHAVIOR | 53 |
B26 DISCUSSION | 54 |
ADDITIONAL READING | 55 |
REFERENCES | 56 |
Ligament tendon and fascia | 59 |
B32 DISCUSSION | 62 |
REFERENCES | 63 |
Skin and muscle | 66 |
ADDITIONAL READING | 68 |
REFERENCES | 69 |
Brain tissues | 70 |
B52 COMPOSITION | 71 |
B53 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES | 72 |
B54 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES | 77 |
B57 COMMENTS | 78 |
REFERENCES | 79 |
Arteries veins and lymphatic vessels | 81 |
B62 MORPHOMETRY OF THE ARTERIAL TREE AND VENOUS SYSTEM | 82 |
B64 CONSTITUENTS OF THE VENOUS WALL | 88 |
B66 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF VEINS | 96 |
B67 MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LYMPHATIC VESSELS | 98 |
B69 EFFECT OF AGE HYPERTENSION AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS ON BLOOD VESSELS | 99 |
B610 FINAL COMMENTS | 100 |
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT | 101 |
REFERENCES | 102 |
The intraocular lens | 106 |
B72 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION | 107 |
B73 DIMENSIONS AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES | 109 |
ADDITIONAL READING | 112 |
Blood and related fluids | 114 |
ADDITIONAL READING | 123 |
The Vitreous Humor | 125 |
C22 GENERAL PROPERTIES | 126 |
C23 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES | 129 |
REFERENCES | 130 |
PART II | 133 |
Metallic Biomaterials | 135 |
12 GENERAL DISCUSSION | 137 |
REFERENCES | 143 |
Stainless Steels | 145 |
1A2 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES | 150 |
1A3 PROCESSING OF STAINLESS STEELS | 151 |
1A4 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES | 157 |
1A5 FATIGUE | 161 |
1A6 CORROSION AND WEAR | 163 |
1A7 BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES | 165 |
CoCrbased alloys | 167 |
1B2 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES | 169 |
1B4 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES | 173 |
1B5 FATIGUE | 174 |
1B6 CORROSION AND WEAR | 175 |
1B7 BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES | 177 |
REFERENCES | 178 |
Titanium and titanium alloys | 179 |
1C2 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES | 180 |
1C3 PROCESSING OF cpTi AND Ti ALLOYS X | 181 |
1C4 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES | 186 |
1C5 FATIGUE | 189 |
1C6 CORROSION AND WEAR | 194 |
1C7 BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES | 197 |
1C8 TiNi SHAPE MEMORY | 198 |
Dental Restoration Materials | 201 |
1D2 NOBLE METALS | 204 |
1D3 CoCrALLOYS | 212 |
REFERENCES | 213 |
Composite materials | 214 |
23 MATRIX MATERIALS | 219 |
25 THERMOSETS MATRIX | 220 |
26 VINYL ESTER RESINS | 221 |
28 DILUENTS | 222 |
210 POLYESTER RESINS | 224 |
211 LAMINATE PROPERTIES | 225 |
212 COMPOSITE FABRICATION | 229 |
213 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES | 240 |
214 ANTIOXIDANTS AND EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE | 254 |
215 THE RADIATION STABILITY OF COMMERCIAL MATERIALS | 256 |
216 POLYMERS AGING | 259 |
217 COMPOSITE MATERIALS IN MEDICINE | 260 |
218 METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES | 262 |
219 CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITES | 266 |
39 POLYACETAL | 279 |
310 POLYCARBONATE | 280 |
311 POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE | 281 |
312 POLYETHERETHERKETONE | 282 |
313 POLYSULFONE | 283 |
REFERENCES | 300 |
Biomedical elastomers | 302 |
42 TYPES OF ELASTOMER | 303 |
43 ESTABLISHING EQUIVALENCE | 334 |
44 STERILIZATION OF ELASTOMERS | 338 |
Oxide bioceramics inert ceramic materials in medicine and dentistry | 340 |
53 MATERIAL PROPERTIES AND PROCESSING | 342 |
54 BIOCOMPATIBILITY OF OXIDE BIOCERAMICS | 348 |
55 APPLICATIONS | 351 |
56 MANUFACTURERS AND THEIR IMPLANT PRODUCTS | 352 |
Properties of bioactive glasses and glassceramics | 355 |
62 BIOACTIVE COMPOSITIONS | 357 |
63 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES | 358 |
REFERENCES | 363 |
Wear | 364 |
72 IN VITRO WEAR TESTING | 369 |
73 CLINICAL WEAR | 393 |
75 SOLVING THE WEAR PROBLEM | 394 |
76 CONCLUSION | 395 |
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 399 |
REFERENCES | 400 |
Degradationresorption in bioactive ceramics in orthopaedics | 406 |
82 IN VITRO PHYSICOCHEMICAL DISSOLUTION PROCESSES | 407 |
83 IN VIVOIN VITRO BIOLOGICAL DEGRADATION PROCESSES | 410 |
84 SUMMARY | 417 |
Corrosion of Metallic Implants | 420 |
92 ASPECTS RELATED TO THE METAL COMPOSITION | 423 |
93 ASPECTS RELATED TO THE PHYSIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT | 429 |
94 ASPECTS RELATED TO THE OXIDE AND OTHER SURFACE LAYERS | 436 |
459 | |
Carbons | 464 |
102 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW IN VIVO APPLICATIONS | 472 |
103 NEW DIRECTIONSFUTURE TRENDS | 474 |
REFERENCES | 475 |
PART III | 479 |
General Concepts of Biocompatibility | 481 |
12 THE DEFINITION OF BIOCOMPATIBILITY | 482 |
13 COMPONENTS OF BIOCOMPATIBILITY | 484 |
14 CONCLUSIONS | 488 |
REFERENCES | 489 |
Soft tissue response | 490 |
23 INFLAMMATION | 492 |
24 WOUND HEALING AND FIBROSIS | 494 |
25 REPAIR OF IMPLANT SITES | 495 |
26 SUMMARY | 496 |
ADDITIONAL READING | 497 |
498 | |
Hard tissue response | 500 |
33 FIXATION BY INGROWTH CEMENTFREE IMPLANTS IN BONE | 503 |
34 OSSEOINTEGRATION | 504 |
35 HOW BONEBIOMATERIAL INTERFACES FAIL | 507 |
36 CONCLUSIONS | 508 |
510 | |
Immune response | 513 |
43 DETECTION OF ANTIBODY | 515 |
44 DETECTION OF CELL MEDIATED RESPONSES TYPE IV | 517 |
45 DETECTION OF IMMUNE RESPONSES TO HAPTENS | 521 |
47 CONSEQUENCES OF AN IMMUNE RESPONSE | 523 |
48 CONCLUSIONS | 524 |
ADDITIONAL READING | 525 |
Cancer | 529 |
52 RELEASE AND DISTRIBUTION OF DEGRADATION PRODUCTS | 530 |
53 NEOPLASIA | 531 |
54 EVIDENCE FOR CARCINOGENICITY OF IMPLANTED MATERIALS | 532 |
55 CASE REPORTS OF IMPLANT RELATED TUMORS | 533 |
56 CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF TUMORS | 536 |
57 SIGNIFICANCE OF CLINICAL REPORTS | 538 |
58 SUMMARY | 539 |
ADDITIONAL READING | 540 |
541 | |
Bloodmaterial interactions | 545 |
63 CONVENTIONAL POLYMERS | 548 |
65 METALS | 549 |
66 CARBONS | 550 |
69 BIOLOGICAL SURFACES | 551 |
611 CONCLUSION | 552 |
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT | 552 |
Soft tissue response to silicones | 554 |
555 | |
74 EVIDENCE FOR CAUSATION | 557 |
75 CONTROLLED STUDIES EXAMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BREAST IMPLANTS AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASE | 561 |
REFERENCES | 565 |
571 | |
Other editions - View all
Handbook of Biomaterial Properties William Murphy,Jonathan Black,Garth Hastings Limited preview - 2016 |
Common terms and phrases
alloys alumina annealed aorta applications arterial arthroplasty ASTM ASTM ASTM bioactive Bioceramics biocompatibility biological biomaterials Biomech Biomechanics Biomedical blood bone breast implants carbon cartilage cells ceramic chemical clinical Co-Cr-Mo coatings Coefficient collagen composition compression corrosion resistance crystalline cycles density dental implants dentin devices elastic elastic modulus elastin elastomers Elongation enamel fatigue femoral fibers film fluid Fracture friction glass heat human immune response injection ions joint layer lens load materials matrix mechanical properties metal modulus molding OK OK Orthopaedic osseointegration oxide passed passed passed plasma polyethylene polymer polyurethanes potential Product prostheses proteins pyrolytic carbon ratio resin serum shear silicone soft tissue solution specimens stainless steels strength MPa stress structure studies surface Table temperature Tensile strength thermal thermoplastic Ti6Al4V tion titanium total hip Type UHMWPE Velocity viscoelastic vitreous vitro vivo wear welding Young's modulus zirconia
References to this book
Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering: The Scaffold Cato T. Laurencin,Lakshmi S. Nair Limited preview - 2008 |
Nanotechnology for the Regeneration of Hard and Soft Tissues Thomas J. Webster No preview available - 2007 |