Handbook of Biomaterial Properties

Front Cover
Jonathan Black, Garth Hastings
Springer Science & Business Media, Feb 28, 1998 - Medical - 590 pages
Progress in the development of surgical implant materials has been hindered by the lack of basic information on the nature of the tissues, organs and systems being repaired or replaced. Materials' properties of living systems, whose study has been conducted largely under the rubric of tissue mechanics, has tended to be more descriptive than quantitative. In the early days of the modern surgical implant era, this deficiency was not critical. However, as implants continue to improve and both longer service life and higher reliability are sought, the inability to predict the behavior of implanted manufactured materials has revealed the relative lack of knowledge of the materials properties of the supporting or host system, either in health or disease. Such a situation is unacceptable in more conventional engineering practice: the success of new designs for aeronautical and marine applications depends exquisitely upon a detailed, disciplined and quantitative knowledge of service environments, including the properties of materials which will be encountered and interacted with. Thus the knowledge of the myriad physical properties of ocean ice makes possible the design and development of icebreakers without the need for trial and error. In contrast, the development period for a new surgical implant, incorporating new materials, may well exceed a decade and even then only short term performance predictions can be made.
 

Contents

Cortical bone
3
A12 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
4
A13 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
5
ADDITIONAL READING
12
Cancellous bone
15
A22 COMPOSITION
16
ADDITIONAL READING
21
Dentin and enamel
24
REFERENCES
269
Thermoplastic Polymers In Biomedical Applications Structures Properties and Processing
270
32 POLYETHYLENE
272
33 POLYPROPYLENE
273
34 POLYURETHANE
274
35 POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE
275
36 POLYVINYLCHLORIDE
276
38 POLYACRYLATES
278

A32 COMPOSITION
25
A33 FINAL COMMENTS
35
ADDITIONAL READING
36
REFERENCES
37
B11 INTRODUCTION
40
B12 COMPOSITION
41
B14 FIBROCARTILAGE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
45
REFERENCES
46
Fibrocartilage
48
B23 HYDRAULIC PERMEABILITY AND DRAG COEFFICIENTS
51
B25 VISCOELASTIC BEHAVIOR
53
B26 DISCUSSION
54
ADDITIONAL READING
55
REFERENCES
56
Ligament tendon and fascia
59
B32 DISCUSSION
62
REFERENCES
63
Skin and muscle
66
ADDITIONAL READING
68
REFERENCES
69
Brain tissues
70
B52 COMPOSITION
71
B53 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
72
B54 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES
77
B57 COMMENTS
78
REFERENCES
79
Arteries veins and lymphatic vessels
81
B62 MORPHOMETRY OF THE ARTERIAL TREE AND VENOUS SYSTEM
82
B64 CONSTITUENTS OF THE VENOUS WALL
88
B66 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF VEINS
96
B67 MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LYMPHATIC VESSELS
98
B69 EFFECT OF AGE HYPERTENSION AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS ON BLOOD VESSELS
99
B610 FINAL COMMENTS
100
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
101
REFERENCES
102
The intraocular lens
106
B72 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
107
B73 DIMENSIONS AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES
109
ADDITIONAL READING
112
Blood and related fluids
114
ADDITIONAL READING
123
The Vitreous Humor
125
C22 GENERAL PROPERTIES
126
C23 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
129
REFERENCES
130
PART II
133
Metallic Biomaterials
135
12 GENERAL DISCUSSION
137
REFERENCES
143
Stainless Steels
145
1A2 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
150
1A3 PROCESSING OF STAINLESS STEELS
151
1A4 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
157
1A5 FATIGUE
161
1A6 CORROSION AND WEAR
163
1A7 BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
165
CoCrbased alloys
167
1B2 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
169
1B4 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
173
1B5 FATIGUE
174
1B6 CORROSION AND WEAR
175
1B7 BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
177
REFERENCES
178
Titanium and titanium alloys
179
1C2 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
180
1C3 PROCESSING OF cpTi AND Ti ALLOYS X
181
1C4 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
186
1C5 FATIGUE
189
1C6 CORROSION AND WEAR
194
1C7 BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
197
1C8 TiNi SHAPE MEMORY
198
Dental Restoration Materials
201
1D2 NOBLE METALS
204
1D3 CoCrALLOYS
212
REFERENCES
213
Composite materials
214
23 MATRIX MATERIALS
219
25 THERMOSETS MATRIX
220
26 VINYL ESTER RESINS
221
28 DILUENTS
222
210 POLYESTER RESINS
224
211 LAMINATE PROPERTIES
225
212 COMPOSITE FABRICATION
229
213 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
240
214 ANTIOXIDANTS AND EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE
254
215 THE RADIATION STABILITY OF COMMERCIAL MATERIALS
256
216 POLYMERS AGING
259
217 COMPOSITE MATERIALS IN MEDICINE
260
218 METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES
262
219 CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITES
266
39 POLYACETAL
279
310 POLYCARBONATE
280
311 POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE
281
312 POLYETHERETHERKETONE
282
313 POLYSULFONE
283
REFERENCES
300
Biomedical elastomers
302
42 TYPES OF ELASTOMER
303
43 ESTABLISHING EQUIVALENCE
334
44 STERILIZATION OF ELASTOMERS
338
Oxide bioceramics inert ceramic materials in medicine and dentistry
340
53 MATERIAL PROPERTIES AND PROCESSING
342
54 BIOCOMPATIBILITY OF OXIDE BIOCERAMICS
348
55 APPLICATIONS
351
56 MANUFACTURERS AND THEIR IMPLANT PRODUCTS
352
Properties of bioactive glasses and glassceramics
355
62 BIOACTIVE COMPOSITIONS
357
63 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
358
REFERENCES
363
Wear
364
72 IN VITRO WEAR TESTING
369
73 CLINICAL WEAR
393
75 SOLVING THE WEAR PROBLEM
394
76 CONCLUSION
395
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
399
REFERENCES
400
Degradationresorption in bioactive ceramics in orthopaedics
406
82 IN VITRO PHYSICOCHEMICAL DISSOLUTION PROCESSES
407
83 IN VIVOIN VITRO BIOLOGICAL DEGRADATION PROCESSES
410
84 SUMMARY
417
Corrosion of Metallic Implants
420
92 ASPECTS RELATED TO THE METAL COMPOSITION
423
93 ASPECTS RELATED TO THE PHYSIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
429
94 ASPECTS RELATED TO THE OXIDE AND OTHER SURFACE LAYERS
436
REFERENCES
459
Carbons
464
102 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW IN VIVO APPLICATIONS
472
103 NEW DIRECTIONSFUTURE TRENDS
474
REFERENCES
475
PART III
479
General Concepts of Biocompatibility
481
12 THE DEFINITION OF BIOCOMPATIBILITY
482
13 COMPONENTS OF BIOCOMPATIBILITY
484
14 CONCLUSIONS
488
REFERENCES
489
Soft tissue response
490
23 INFLAMMATION
492
24 WOUND HEALING AND FIBROSIS
494
25 REPAIR OF IMPLANT SITES
495
26 SUMMARY
496
ADDITIONAL READING
497
REFERENCES
498
Hard tissue response
500
33 FIXATION BY INGROWTH CEMENTFREE IMPLANTS IN BONE
503
34 OSSEOINTEGRATION
504
35 HOW BONEBIOMATERIAL INTERFACES FAIL
507
36 CONCLUSIONS
508
ADDITIONAL READING
510
Immune response
513
43 DETECTION OF ANTIBODY
515
44 DETECTION OF CELL MEDIATED RESPONSES TYPE IV
517
45 DETECTION OF IMMUNE RESPONSES TO HAPTENS
521
47 CONSEQUENCES OF AN IMMUNE RESPONSE
523
48 CONCLUSIONS
524
ADDITIONAL READING
525
Cancer
529
52 RELEASE AND DISTRIBUTION OF DEGRADATION PRODUCTS
530
53 NEOPLASIA
531
54 EVIDENCE FOR CARCINOGENICITY OF IMPLANTED MATERIALS
532
55 CASE REPORTS OF IMPLANT RELATED TUMORS
533
56 CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF TUMORS
536
57 SIGNIFICANCE OF CLINICAL REPORTS
538
58 SUMMARY
539
ADDITIONAL READING
540
REFERENCES
541
Bloodmaterial interactions
545
63 CONVENTIONAL POLYMERS
548
65 METALS
549
66 CARBONS
550
69 BIOLOGICAL SURFACES
551
611 CONCLUSION
552
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
552
Soft tissue response to silicones
554
73 SYSTEMIC IMMUNOLOGIC REACTIONS TO SILICONE
555
74 EVIDENCE FOR CAUSATION
557
75 CONTROLLED STUDIES EXAMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BREAST IMPLANTS AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASE
561
REFERENCES
565
Index
571
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