suppressed. Inverted commas and apostrophes are also used
as Quotation Marks (""), to inclose a phrase or passage,
borrowed by an author from another work; as,

“Envy will merit as its shade pursue,

But like the shadow, proves the substance true."

If the passage borrowed is long, the inverted commas are
sometimes placed before every line of it, and two apostrophes
after the last word.

The Index, or Hand, () points out a remarkable pas-
sage, or something that requires particular attention.

The Brace, is used in poetry at the end of a triplet, or
three lines which have the same rhyme. Braces are also used
to connect a number of words with one common term, and are
introduced to prevent a repetition in writing, or printing.

The asterisk, or little star, (*) directs the reader to some
note in the margin, or at the bottom of the page. Two or
three stars generally denote the omission of some letters in a
word, or of some bold or indelicate expression, or some defect
in the manuscript.

The Dash, or Ellipsis (—) is also used when some letters, in
a word, or some words in a verse are omitted, The k-g,"
for "the king."

The Obelisk, which is marked thus (†), and parallels thus
(||), are used as references to the margin, or bottom of the
page. The letters of the alphabet, and arithmetical figures,
are used for the same purpose.

In English the accentual marks are chiefly used in spelling-
books and dictionaries, to mark the syllables which require a
particular stress of the voice in pronunciation. The stress is
laid on both long and short syllables. In order to distinguish
the one from the other, some writers of dictionaries have
placed the grave accent on the former, and the acute on the
latter; as, Finely, finish, rùdely, ru'dder, etc.

The proper mark to distinguish a long syllable is this (),
as, Rōsy, and a short one this ("); as, folly.

This last mark is called a breve.

ON THE USE OF CAPITALS.

1. The first letter in every written composition. 2. The first in every complete simple or compound sentence.

3. The first letter in any word implying God; as, Jehovah, Messiah, Jesus, the Lord, Deity, etc. 4. The first letter in the name of any particular person, country, place, street, mountain, river, ship, or regiment; as, England, Bristol, Maria, Duke Street, the Alps, the Thames, the Royal George, the Cold Stream Guards, etc.

5. The first letter in the name of every religion; as, the Protestant Religion, the Catholic Religion, the Quaker Religion, etc.

6. The first letter in any descriptive derived from the name of a place, or person; as, English, Newtonian, etc.

7. The first letter of the title of any man, or book; as "Colonel Pringle, ""Paradise Lost." 8. The first letter in every line in poetry. 9. The substitute I, and the exclamation 0.

ON SYLLABIC ACCENT.

Syllabic accent is the peculiar stress we lay on a certain syllable of a word to distinguish it from the rest; as, prepare, amend, etc.

In the preceding examples we give a certain importance to the syllable pare and mend, by the comparative force of the voice with which we pronounce them.

As the eye is delighted by the diversity of colours, and beautiful objects, so is the ear by the changes of modulation. Every English word of more than one syllable, has one of them distinguished by accent.

Derivative dissyllables generally have the accent on the primitive, as, childish, kingdom, actest, toilsome, beseem, etc. Dissyllabic assertives, when used as names, are generally exceptions to the preceding rule, as they are mostly accented on the first syllable; as, présent, préface, etc.

Every dissyllable ending in y, our, ow, le, ish, ck, ter, age, en, or et, (except allow, avow, endow, below, bestow, has the accent on the first syllable; as, any, favour, widow, able, prudish, fabric, mutter, dotage, written, ticket, etc.

Dissyllabic names ending in er; as, farmer, baker, etc., have the first syllable accented.

Dissyllabic names in which we distinctly hear a diphthong in the last syllable, commonly have the accent on that syllable; as, applaud, compound, etc.

A dissyllable in which two vowels meet, of which one is heard in each syllable, has the accent on the first; as, lion, riot, liar, etc.

ON TRISYLLABIC ACCENT.

Trisyllables formed by adding a termination, or prefixing a syllable, have the accent on the same syllable as the primitive word; as, loveliness, tenderness, contemner, wagoner, physical, bespatter, commenting, assurance, etc.

Those ending in ous and al, have the accent on the first; as, arduous, capital, etc.

Those ending in ce, ent, and ate, have the accent on the first; as, countenance, continence, armament, propagate, etc., unless they are derived from dissyllables accented on the last; as, connivance-or unless the middle syllable has a vowel before two consonants; as, "promulgate," etc. Those ending in y, generally have the accent on the first; as, cruelty, vanity, etc.

Those ending in re, or le, have the accent on the first; as, Legible, theatre, except disciple, and some words of which

the first syllable is an inseparable preposition; as, Inclosure, departure, etc. Those ending in ude, commonly have the accent on the first; as, Plenitude, habitude, rectitude, etc.

Those ending in ator, have the accent on the second; as, Spectator, Creator, etc.; except orator, senator, barrator, and legator.

Those which have a diphthong in the middle syllable, have the accent on that syllable; as, endeavour, endearment, etc.

ON THE ACCENTUATION OF POLYSYLLABLES.

A derivative polysyllable has the accent on the same syllable as its primitive; as, Arrogating, commendable, communicable, etc.

Those ending in ator, generally have the accent on the penultimate; as Emendator, gladiator, equivocator, etc.

Those ending in le, generally have the accent on the first; as, Amicable, despicable, etc., unless the vowel in the second syllable is followed by two consonants; as, Combustible, condemnable, etc.

Those ending in cal, ous, and ty, generally have the accent on the antepenultimate; as, Hypocritical, victorious, activity, etc.

The local pronunciation or manner of speaking that distinguishes the natives of any particular shire, or county, is also called accent; as, an Irish accent, a Scotch accent, a Derbyshire accent, etc.

ON QUANTITY.

The quantity of a syllable is the exact time in which it is properly pronounced. Quantity is either long or short.

The quantity is long when the accent is on a vowel; as, Máte, fáte, cite, etc., and short when the accent is on a consonant; Mat, fat', sit, etc.

The long quantity is double the short; that is, we take twice as much time to pronounce the syllable mate, as the syllable mat.

1st. All vowels under the principal accent, before the ter

mination ia, io, and ion, preceded by a single consonant, are pronounced long; as, Regalia, folio, adhesion, explosion, confusion, etc.; except the vowel i, which, in that situation, is short; as, Militia, punctilio, decision, contrition. The only exceptions to this rule seem to be, Battalion, gladiator, national, and rational.

2nd. All vowels that immediately precede the termination ity, or ety, are pronounced long; as, Déity, píety, spontanéity. If a single consonant precedes either of these terminations, it has the accent on it, and consequently the vowel before this single consonant is short: as, Polárity, sevérity, divinity, curiosity, etc., except u, as in the word impúnity.

U, before two consonants, is short; as, Cúrvity, tacitúrnity, ON EMPHASIS.

Emphasis is the long, strong, serious, or peculiar tone by which the speaker pronounces any word of a sentence, to convey his meaning more accurately.

The emphatic word in any assertive sentence, can only be positively ascertained by the emphatic word in the question, to which that assertive sentence is a correct answer.

If the emphatic word in any question is a name, the emphatic word in the answer must also be a name, or name substitute; if the emphatic word in a question is a name substitute, the emphatic word in the answer must be either a name substitute, or name; if it be an assertive in the one, it must be an assertive in the other, etc, as,, "Has Henry paid you?" "He has paid me." "Has Henry paid you?" "He has paid me." "Who has paid you?" 'William has paid me," etc. The same may be said of questions and answers having more than one emphatic word; that is. if the emphatic words in the question are a sentence descriptive, and an assertive, the emphatic words in the answer must be a sentence descriptive, and an assertive, etc.

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EXAMPLE.

Have you positively paid him? I positively paid him yesterday, etc.