The Caddo Indians: Tribes at the Convergence of Empires, 1542-1854In 1542 members of the thriving Caddo Indian culture came face to face with Luis de Moscoso, successor to Hernando de Soto as leader of a Spanish exploration party. That encounter marked a turning point for this centuries-old people, whose history would from then on be dominated by the interaction of the native confederacies with the empires of various European adventurers and settlers. Much has been written about the confrontations of Euro-Americans with Native Americans, but most of it has focused on the Anglo-Indian relations of the eastern part of the continent or on the final phases of the western wars. This thorough and engaging history is the first to focus intensively on the Caddos of the Texas-Louisiana border area. Primarily from the perspective of the Caddos themselves, it traces the development and effect of relations over the three hundred years from the first meeting with the Spaniards until the resettlement of the tribes on the Brazos Reserve in 1854. F. Todd Smith chronicles all three of the Caddo confederacies - Kadohadacho, Hasinai, and Natchitoches - as they consolidated into a single tribe to face the waves of soldiers, traders, and settlers from the empires of Spain, France, the United States, Mexico, and the Republic of Texas. It describes the balance the Caddos struck with the various nations claiming the region and how that gradually evolved into a less beneficial relationship. Caught in the squeeze between Euro-American nations, the Caddos eventually sacrificed their independence and much of their culture to gain the benefits offered by the invaders. Falling victim to swindlers, they at last lost their lands and were moved to a reservation. |
Contents
Introduction p | 3 |
The Caddos and the Arrival of | 20 |
The Caddos and the Establishment | 36 |
Copyright | |
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The Caddo Indians: Tribes at the Convergence of Empires, 1542-1854 Foster Todd Smith No preview available - 1995 |
Common terms and phrases
Adaes agent American Angelina River Apaches attack August Brazos Brooks Cabello caddi Caddo confederacies Caddo tribes Caddoan canaha Casañas Cherokees chief Choctaws Claiborne Comanches commander dachos Dehahuit East Texas Espinosa Euro-Americans European expedition force French Governor hadachos Hasinai tribes Hasinais Historical horses Ibid Indian Affairs Indian Policy January John Sibley José July June Kado Kadoha Kadohada Kadohadacho caddi Kadohadacho village Kadohadachos Kichais land lesh Lipan Lipan Apaches Los Adaes Louisiana M. A. Hatcher Massanet Mexican Mexico Mézières Miró mission missionaries Mississippi Nabedaches Nacogdoches Nadacos Natchitoches natives Neches Norteños November October Osages party peace Petit Caddos presidio priests Quapaws Ramón received Red River Report Republic of Texas Ripperdá Sabine River Saint-Denis San Antonio September soldiers Spain Spaniards Spanish SWHQ Tarshar Tawakonis Tejas Terán Texans Tinhioüen told Tonti trade trans treaty Trinity River troops United Unzaga y Amézaga Viceroy Wacos warriors Wichita tribes Wichitas xinesi Yatasis