Earth: Fourth Edition

areas asthenosphere atmosphere atoms basalt basins beach beds belt calcium Canyon carbon dioxide Chapter chemical clay coal composition continental continents cooling crust crystals deep deformation deposits depth dissolved dunes Earth earthquakes elements energy eroded erosion eruption fault feldspar felsic Figure flow fold formation fossils fragments geologists glacial glacier grains granite groundwater heat igneous rocks intrusion ions iron kilometers lake lava layers limestone lithosphere mafic magma magnetic mantle mass material melting ments metamorphic rocks mid-ocean ridges million minerals Moon mountain movement ocean organic oxygen Paleozoic particles Photo plagioclase planet plate tectonics Precambrian precipitation pressure produced pyroxene quartz radioactive regions river sand sandstone Scientific American sea floor sea level seawater sedimentary rocks sediments seismic shale silicate slope soil stream structure subduction surface temperature thick tion topography transform faults U.S. Geological Survey uplift valley velocity volcanic waves weathering wind zone