sidered, 172-Reasons for concluding that the renta character of each

child is determined by the qualities of the stock, combined with the fac-

ulties predominant in the parents at the commencement of its existence,

172-Transmission of factitious or temporary conditions of the body,

173-Transmission of acquired habits, 174-Appearance of peculiarities

in children, in consequence of impressions made on the mind of the

mother, 176-Descent of temporary mental and bodily qualities, 179—

These subjects still in many respects obscure, 184-General neglect of

the organic laws in the formation of marriages, 185-Dr. Caldwell quo-

ted, 186-Marriage prohibited in Wurtemberg before certain ages, 188

-Advantages arising from the law of hereditary descent, and bad effects

which would follow its abolition, 188, &c.-Why do children of the

same marriage differ from each other? 195-Cases illustrative of the evils

resulting from neglect of the law of hereditary transmission, 195-Mar-

riage between blood-relations forbidden by the natural law, 198—(2)

Hurtful consequences of neglect of the organic laws in the ordinary rela-

tions of society, 199-Misconduct of servants, clerks, partners, and

agents, 199-Utility of Phrenology in enabling us to avoid this source of

misery, 200-DEATH, 203—A natural and useful institution, 205-

Views of theologians respecting it, 205-Death considered as it affects

the lower animals and mankind, 206-Nature does not seem to intend

the death of human beings, except in old age, 214—Untimely death the

result of infringement of the organic laws, 215-Means provided by na-

ture to relieve men from the fear of death, 217-Death not revolting to

the moral sentiments, 219-Frequency of premature death decreas

ing, 221.

SECTION III.

Calamities arising from Infringement of the Moral Law,

222-279

Cause of the diversity of moral and religious codes and opinions in differ-

ent nations and among philosophers, 222-Advantages secured by culti-

vating and acting under the dictates of the moral sentiments and intel-

lect; and evils induced by the opposite conduct, 224—(1) Sufferings of

individuals from neglect of the moral and intellectual laws, 234-(2)

Calamities arising to individuals and communities from infringement of

the social law, 235-Malthus's principle of population, 239-The inhab-

itants of Britain too exclusively occupied in manufacturing and mercan-

tile pursuits, 239-Misery produced by overstocking the markets, 242-

'Times of 'commercial prosperity' are seasons of the greatest infringe-

ments of the laws of nature, 245-Injustice and inexpediency of the

combination laws, 246--Necessity of abridging the periods for labor of

the operative population, and cultivating their moral and rational facul-

ties, 248-This rendered possible by the use of machinery in manufac

tures, 250-Ought government to interfere with industry? 255-Miseries

endured by the middle and upper ranks in consequence of departure from

the moral law in the 4esent customs of society, 256—(3) Effect of the

moral law on national prosperity, 258-The highest prosperity of one

nation perfectly compatible with that of every other, 258-Necessity

that nations, in order to secure it, should act towards each other on the

principle of the supremacy of the moral sentiments, 259-Evil produced

by disregard of that principle, 259-Illustrations: the slave trade, 261;

the American war,
263 the French revolutionary war, 268; and the

project of Themistocles to burn the Spartan ships, 265-The national

debt of Britain the result of unprincipled wars, 267-Other evils from

the same source, 268-9-Parliamentary reform, 270-Bad effects anti-

cipated from the existence of Negro slavery in the United States, 272—

The Spaniards punished under the natural laws for their cruelties in

America, 275-The civilization of savages more easy by pacific than by

forcible measures, 276-Moral science far outstripped by physical, 278

Necessity for cultivating the former, 278.

Laws may be instituted either for the selfish gratification of the legislator,

or for the benefit of the governed, 280-Gessler's order to the Swiss, an

instance of the former; the natural laws of God, of the latter, 281-The

object of punishment for disobedience to the divine law is to arrest the

offender, and save him from greater miseries, 282-Beneficial effects of

this arrangement, 282-Laws of combustion; advantages attending them,

and mode in which man is enabled to enjoy these and escape from the

danger to which he is subjected by fire, 282-Utility of pain, 287—

God's punishments in this world have for their object to bring the suffer-

ers back to obedience for their own welfare, and to terminate their mis-

ery by death when the error is irreparable, 288-Punishments mutually

inflicted by the lower animals, 288-Punishments mutually inflicted by

men, 290-Criminal laws hitherto framed on the principle of animal

resentment, 291-Inefficacy of these from overlooking the causes of

crime, and leaving them to operate with unabated energy after the inflic

tion, 292-Moral in preference to animal retribution, suggested as a

mode of treatment, 292-Every crime proceeds from an abuse of some

faculty or other, 294-The question, Whence originates the tendency to

abuse? answered by die aid of Phrenology, 295-Crime extinguishable

only by removing its causes, 296-The effects of animal and moral pun-

ishment compared, 297-Remark on the natural distinction between

right and wrong, 302-The objections considered, That, according to the
proposed moral system of treating offenders, punishment would be abro.
gated and crime encouraged, 304; and That the author's views on this
subject are Utopian, and, in the present state of society, impracticable,
305.

SECTION II.

Moral Advantages of Punishment,

306-310

The mental improvement of man not the primary object for which suffering

is sent, 306-Errors of some religious sects adverted to, 307-Bishop

Butler teaches, more rationally, that a large proportion of our sufferings

is the result of our own misconduct, 308-The objection, that punish-

inents are often disproportionately severe, considered, 308—Recapitula-

tion of the advantages flowing from obedience, and misfortunes from.

disobedience, to the moral laws, 309.

Combined operation of the natural laws illustrated by reference to the de-

fects of the arrangements for jury trial in Scotland, 311,-the great fires

in Edinburgh in 1824, 313,-shipwrecks from ignorance or irrational

conduct in the commander, 317,-Captain Lyon's unsuccessful attempt to

reach Repulse Bay, 322,-foundering of decayed and ill-equipped ves-

sels at sea, 329,-and the mercantile distress which overspread Britain

in 1825-6, 329-Storms may often be foreseen and provided against, 319.

CHAPTER VIII.

INFLUENCE OF THE NATURAL LAWS ON THE HAPPINESS

OF INDIVIDUALS,

331-342,

The objection considered, that although, when viewed abstractly, the nat-
ural laws appear beneficent and just, yet they are undeniably the cause of
extensive, severe, and unavoidable suffering to individuals, 331-Their
justice and benevolence, in reference to individuals, illustrated by imagi-
nary cases of the suspension of various physical, organic, and social laws,
331-342.

CHAPTER X.

ON THE RELATION BETWEEN SCIENCE AND

SCRIP-

343-377

TURE,

Science, being an exposition of the Creator's works, cannot be at variance

with a correctly interpreted revelation of his will, 343—Archbishop

Whately and Professor Sedgwick quoted on the impropriety of testing

science by Scripture, 344-In all ages, new doctrines have been branded

as impious, 348-Christianity itself no exception, 348- Phrenology may

be expected to lead to the abandonment of prevailing interpretations of

some parts of Scripture, 351-Bearing of Phrenology upon the realiza-

tion of practical Christianity, 352-New direction to the pursuits of the

religious instructors of mankind anticipated, 354-History demonstrates

that Christianity, while unaided by arts and science, was corrupted itself,

and had little influence in improving the human race, 354-The ineffi-

cacy of Scripture alone to produce moral and rational conduct, illus-

trated by a narrative of the persecutions for witchcraft in the fifteenth,

sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries, 356-Necessity for using all our

lights in searching for the meaning of Scripture, 361-Illustrative quota-

tions from Bishop Taylor, on the obscurity of Scripture, the corruptions

which the text has undergone, and the difficulty of translating it aceu-

rately, 361-Another illustration cited from the Rev. Dr. Fraser, 364—

Consideration of the objection, That, according to the doctrine of the

natural laws, prayer must be irrational and useless, 373-This objection

grounded on the false assumption that the object of prayer is to influence

the Deity, 373-Decision of the General Assembly of the Church of Scot-

land, that prayer has no effect but upon the mind of the supplicant, 374

-This taught by Drs. Leechman and Blair, 375—Opinion of Lord

Kames on prayer, and on public worship, 375—The natural effects of

great size and activity in the moral organs mistaken by some persons for

the direct influence of the Holy Spirit in causing pure and religious emo-

tions to spring up in the mind, 376.

What is the practical use of Phrenology, even supposing it to be true? 378

-Its utility pointed out in reference to politics, 380, legislation, 380,

education, 381, morals and religion, 383, and the professions, pursuits,

hours of exertion, and amusements of individuals, 384-The precepts of

Christianity impracticable in the present state of society, 385-Improve-

ment anticipated from the diffusion of the true philosophy of mind, 387

-The change, however, will be gradual, 390-What ought education to

embrace? 391-and what religious instruction? 393.

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.

GENERAL VIEW OF THE CONSTITUTION OF HUMAN NATURE, AND ITS RELATIONS TO EXTERNAL OBJECTS.

.

In surveying the external world, we discover that every creature and every physical object has received a definite constitution, and been placed in certain relations to other objects. The natural evidence of a Deity and his attributes is drawn from contemplating these arrangements. Intelligence, wisdom, benevolence, and power, characterize the works of creation; and the human mind ascends by a chain of correct and rigid induction to a great First Cause, in whom these qualities must reside. But hitherto this great truth has rather excited a barren though sublime admirati on, than led to beneficial practical results.

Man obviously stands pre-eminent among sublunary objects, and is distinguished, by remarkable endowments, above all other terrestrial beings. Nevertheless no creature presents such anomalous appearances as man. Viewed in one aspect he almost resembles a demon; in another ne still bears the impress of the image of God. Seen in his crimes, his wars, and his devastations, he might be mistaken for an incarnation of an evil spirit; contemplated in his schemes of charity, his discoveries in science, and his vast combinations for the benefit of his race, he seems a bright intelligence from Heaven. The lower animals exhibit a more simple and regulated constitution. The lion is bold and ferocious, but he is regularly so, and, besides, is placed in circumstances suited to his nature, in which at once scope is given, and limits are set, to the gratification of his instincts. The sheep, on the other hand, is mild, feeble, and inoffensive; but its external