"students in philosophy, theology, humanity, law, and “medicine. The presentation was in the president and "visitors of the college, to be held first by his next of "kin, then natives of Limerick, Tipperary, Munster, and "in default, the natives of Ireland. Held by Thomas "Hurley since 1783.

"Arnold Conolly, in 1715, granted 2383 florins for "students in philosophy and theology, the presentation "being in the president of the college, and to be held "first by the next of kin of the founder, and then by nå"tives of the diocese of Clogher, held by Charles Mc"Kenna since 1780.

"Paul Roche, P. P. of Wexford, as the executor of "his uncle, David Roche, P. P. of Forth, in 1727, granted "6008 florins for students in humanity, philosophy, the"ology, and the arts, to be enjoyed by his next of kin, "to the third degree, and then in order, by natives of "the barony of Forth, Wexford, and diocese of Ferns. "The presentation was in the president of the college, "and P. P. of Wexford, provided he was a native of "Wexford; and in case he was not, then, in his place, "the oldest curate in the barony of Forth, with two cit"izens of Wexford. Charles O'Brien and Matthew "Cood held this since 1783.

"Raymond Magrath, M. D., in exercitu cæsari suæ "majestatis, in 1780, granted 9402 florins for students in "humanity, philosophy, theology, and medicine, to be enjoyed by the next of kin of the founder. J. Maccabe "and H. Maccabe enjoyed this from 1775 and 1779, re"spectively.

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"Edmond Trohy, merchant of Antwerp, in 1783, "granted 4585 florins for students in humanity, and all "other studies. The visitors and president of the col"lege were the presenters; and next of kin, and in de"fault, natives of Tipperary were to be elected. Wil"liam Britt enjoyed this since 1782.

"Helen Duignan, in 1770, granted 7848 florins for "students in poetry, rhetoric, philosophy, medicine, the"ology, and public disputation. The presentation was "in the Archbishop of Cashel, the Bishop of Waterford,

"the parish priest of Clonmel, Mr. McCarthy, and the "oldest heir male of the founder. J. Dogherty and "Daniel McCarthy enjoyed this since 1777 and 1784, respectively.

"Thomas Tyrrell, in 1771, granted 4800 florins for "students in rhetoric, philosophy, theology, and public "disputation. The presentation was to be in the next "of kin; this individual was, in 1785, G. F. Brown; "the privileged persons were the next of kin to the sixth degree, and, in default, natives of Westmeath or Ire"land. Patrick Clinch held this since 1783.

"Colomba Morgan, a citizen of Dublin, in 1777, granted 7044 florins for students in philosophy and "theology; and also for two priests, natives of Dublin, "with an obligation to say one mass daily for the founder. "The presentation was in the Archbishop of Dublin. "Patrick Ryan and Edward Purcell enjoyed this since "1781.

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"J. Kent, in 1781, granted 7007 florins for students in "all departments, to be held by his kindred to the fourth degree, and then by natives of Lismore and Water"ford. The presentation was in the Archbishop of "Waterford and the visitors and president of the col"lege. Matthew Power enjoyed this since 1784.

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O'Brien, in 1769, granted 217 florins for Irish "students in philosophy and theology; and 225 florins to an Irish priest to say mass daily in the college chapel. "The Bishop of Cloyne and president of the college were the presenters. Patrick Ryan and Philip Daniel "McCarthy held this since 1782 and 1784, respectively.

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"T. Sullivan, in 1699, granted 732 florins for Irish "students in rhetoric, philosophy, and theology, for his "relations of the second degree, provided they were born "in Ireland. The presentation was in two doctors of theology, chosen by the rector in "strict faculty." John "Fitzgerald and M. Sullivan enjoyed this since 1780, M. "Sullivan since 1782, and Daniel Magrath since 1784. "Florence Sullivan, in 1732, granted 1098 florins for "students in philosophy, theology, law, and medicine, a preference to be given his kindred to the third degree,

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"then to the O'Sullivans of Kerry, the McCarthys of "Kerry, or natives of Kerry, Cashel, or Ulster. The "eldest doctor in theology, the president of the college, "and the eldest visitor were the presenters.

"Independent of the above grant, the college was en"dowed by Urban VIII., by a M. Shinkel, and by Mat"thew Prosser, a merchant of Bruges, and native of "Waterford, with sums making altogether about 8000 "florins, besides the bequest of Thomas Stapleton, “which provided for seven students in various depart"ments, and to which we have already alluded."

Here we find the exiled merchant's profits and the exiled soldier's stipend, the widow's mite, and the bishop's and professor's income, all devoted to the maintenance of the only schools open to the Irish race!

But Louvain was not alone "a city of refuge" to our fathers. At Paris, Thomas Fleming obtained the foundation of an Irish college, which still exists. It was endowed by the Bourbons, confiscated at the period of the revolution, but restored by Napoleon Bonaparte to the Irish church. Here King James deposited the Irish manuscript in his possession, and here, in 1730, the Abbé McGeoghehan pondered over their contents, when preparing that laborious and conscientious history of his country, worthy of being dedicated to the heroic "brigade."

In Lisle, Douay, Bourdeaux, Rouen, and St. Omer's, there were also Irish colleges. O'Connell graduated at the latter.

At Antwerp, in 1629, the Irish College of St. Patrick was founded by Dr. Seagrave, a native of Leinster. It was burned in 1680, but rebuilt by Pope Innocent XI. and the Propaganda. Seagrave was the first, and Dr. Jacob Talbot the second president.

At Salamanca and Alcala, there were either bourses or entire houses for Irish students. At Seville, there was an Irish college, of which, in 1640, Dr. Dominick Lynch, afterwards Recteur Magnifique of the University of Seville, was president.

At Coimbra, there were Irish bourses. Luke Wad

ding, Bonaventura Baron, Primate Curtis, and Dr. Doyle were educated there. In Lisbon, Dominick O'Daly, a native of Kerry, procured the founding of an Irish college by the last Spanish viceroy, the Duchess of Mantua. After the revolution of 1640, which placed the family of Braganza on the throne of Portugal, O'Daly rose rapidly. He was successively confessor to the queen, inquisitor general, and ambassador to France. He declined the then rich Indian archbishopric of Goa, and at the time of his death (1662) was Bishop elect of Coimbra-the primatial see of Portugal. He not only founded the Lisbon College, but also a convent for Irish nuns in the same city, and a house for Irish students at Coimbra. His two works (the "Geraldines" and the "Persecutions") have been frequently quoted, in the first part of this history.

At Prague, there were Irish bourses, and we have seen mention of an "Irish college" we are not informed as to its history. Attached to other Austrian colleges were several Irish bourses.

At Rome, one of the greatest Irishmen of his day, Father Luke Wadding, founded for Irish Franciscans the College of St. Isidore, in 1625;* in which good work he was much assisted by the noble family of Barberini. In 1628, he induced Cardinal Ludovisius, "the protector of Ireland," to found a secular Irish college, which is distinguished from the other by the name of its noble founder. Wadding was twice president. Hickey, Fleming, Walsh, and Baron, all distinguished scholars, were among the earliest professors at St. Isidore's. Wadding, who, for nearly forty years, was the voluntary ambassador of Ireland at Rome, and yet so husbanded his time as to be able to bring out the numerous works which bear his name, as editor or author, is buried in his own foundation, where his tomb is still preserved, by the fathers of St. Isidore.†

* Father Wadding was nephew to Peter Lombard, Archbishop of Armagh. He was born at Waterford, in 1588, and died at Rome, in 1657. There is a sketch of his edifying life, in McGee's Irish Writers. Dublin, 1846.

† Wadding is the author of the great work, the Annals of the Friars

The Ludovisian Irish College was famous for the students it sent forth, throughout the seventeenth century. Oliver Plunkett was of the number. This college was administered by the order of Jesuits-those illustrious victors and martyrs of Christianity.

*

All

The effect of these active and numerous Irish institutions throughout Catholic Europe must have been considerable, not only in the cities where they stood, but on the general tone and turn of continental opinion. Every college, had its concursus, its Irish celebrations, its printing press, and its atmosphere of sympathy. literature and all statesmanship were cognizant of the fact, and agreed upon the cause- the merciless English persecutions. Until the wars that followed the French revolution, it was impossible for England to keep or make partisans at Rome, Lisbon, Madrid, Vienna, or • Paris. Her generals and diplomatists complain bitterly that the very courts they succored and served had no real respect for them or their kingdom. The fact seems to have been, that the Irish colleges, with their numerous preachers and writers, had created, in every Catholic country, a hearty detestation of the intolerance and perfidy of English governments. It is among the strange signs of our providential history that, just as the French philosophy and revolution had spread abroad, Irish colleges were suffered to be restored at home. Under this

last Gothic storm, not yet appeased, the Irish in Ireland have turned earnestly to the erection of native institutions of education, which, for fifty years back, have not been openly proscribed.

The old colleges of the penal times deserve our perpetual gratitude and remembrance. Those of Rome,

Minors, which took him above twenty years to compile. He also wrote the Writers of the Order of Friars Minors; a Life of Anselm, Bishop of Lucca; a Life of Thomasius, Patriarch of Alexandria; a Life of John Duns Scotus, &c., &c. He was one of the theologians appointed to examine the tenets of Jansenius, at Rome, and to maintain, before the congregation, the immaculate conception. In 1645, he declined the cardinalate. 66 Fra Luca" is not forgotten in Italian biographies.

* Le Sage and Goldsmith both make striking use of that common character on the continent- the Irish student.