be perfectly uttered without the help of a vowel : as, b, d, f, l; which require vowels to express them fully.

The vowels are, a, e, i, o, u, and sometimes w and y.

W and y are consonants when they begin a word or syllable; but in every other situation they are vowels.

It is generally acknowledged by the best grammarians, that w and y are consonants when they begin a syllable or word, and vowels when they end one. That they are consonants, when used as initials, seems to be evident from their not admitting the article an before them, as it would be improper to say an walnut, an yard, &c. ; and from their following a vowel without any hiatus or difficulty of utterance; as, frosty winter, rosy youth. That they are vowels in other situations, appears from their regularly taking the sound of other vowels; as, w has the exact sound of u in saw, few, now, &c.; and y that of i, in hymn, fly, crystal, &c. See the letters W and Y, pages 30 and 31.*

We present the following as more exact and philosophical definitions of a vowel and consonant.

A vowel is a simple, articulate sound, perfect in itself, and formed by a continued effusion of the breath, and a certain conformation of the mouth, without any alteration in the position, or any motion of the organs of speech, from the moment the vocal sound commences, till it ends.

A consonant is a simple, articulate sound, imperfect by itself, but which, joined with a vowel, forms a complete sound, by a particular motion or contact of the organs of speech.

Some grammarians subdivide vowels into the simple and

The letters w and y are of an ambiguous nature; being consonants at the beginning of words, and vowels at the end. Encyclopoedia Britannica, WALKER's Critical Pronouncing Dictionary, page 24, third edition. PERRY's English Dictionary, Preface, page 7.

the compound. But there does not appear to be any foundation for the distinction. Simplicity is essential to the nature of a vowel, which excludes every degree of mixed or compound sounds. It requires, according to the defini tion, but one conformation of the organs of speech, to form it, and no motion in the organs, whilst it is forming.

Consonants are divided into mutes and semi-vowels. The mutes cannot be sounded at all, without the aid of a vowel. They are b, p, t, d, k, and c and g hard.

The semi-vowels have an imperfect sound of themselves. They are f, l, m, n, r, v, s, z, x, and c and g

soft.

Four of the semi-vowels, namely, l, m, n, r, are also distinguished by the name of liquids, from their readily uniting with other consonants, and flowing as it were .nto their sounds.

We have shown above, that it is essential to the nature of a consonant, that it cannot be fully uttered without the aid of a vowel. We may further observe, that even the names of the consonants, as they are pronounced in reciting the alphabet, require the help of vowels to express them. In pronouncing the names of the mutes, the assistant vowels follow the consonants: as, be, pe, ie, de, ka. In pronouncing the names of the semi-vowels, the vowels generally precede the consonants: as, ef, el, em, en, ar, es, ex. The exceptions are, ce, ge, ve, zed.

This distinction between the nature and the name of a consonant, is of great importance, and should be well explained to the pupil, They are frequently confounded by writers on grammar Observations and reasonings on the name, are often applied to explain the nature, of a consonant: and, by this means, the student is led into error and perplexity, respecting these elements of language. should be impressed on his mind, that the name of every

consonant is a complex sound; but that the consonant itself, is always a simple sound.

Some. writers have described the mutes and semivowels, with their subdivisions, nearly in the following

manner.

The mutes are those consonants whose sounds cannot be protracted. The semi-vowels, such whose sounds can be continued at pleasure, partaking of the nature of vowels, from which they derive their name.

The mutes may be subdivided into pure and impure. The pure are those whose sounds cannot be at all prolonged: they are k, p, t. The impure, are those whose sounds may be continued, though for a very short space: they are b, d, g.

The semi-vowels may be subdivided into vocal and aspirated. The vocal are those which are formed by the voice; the aspirated, those formed by the breath. There are eleven vocal, and five aspirated. The vocal are l, m, n, r, v, w, y, z, th flat, zh, ng: the aspirated, f, h, s, th sharp, sh..

The vocal semi-vowels may be subdivided into pure and impure. The pure are those which are formed entirely by the voice: the impure, such as have a mixture of breath with the voice. There are seven pure-, m, n, r, w, y, ng; four impure-v, z, th flat, zh.

A diphthong is the union of two vowels, pronounced by a single impulse of the voice; as ea in beat, ou in sound.

A triphthong is the union of three vowels, pronounced in like manner; as, eau in beau, iew in view.

A proper diphthong is that in which both the vowels are sounded; as, oi in voice, ou in ounce.

An improper diphthong has but one of the vowels sounded; as, ea in eagle, oa in boat.

Each of the diphthongal letters was, doubtless, originally

heard in pronouncing the words which contain them. Though this is not the case at present, with respect to many of them, these combinations still retain the name of diphthongs; but, to distinguish them, they are marked by the term improper. As the diphthong derives its name and nature from its sound, and not from its letters, and properly denotes a double vowel sound, no union of twe vowels, where one is silent, can, in strictness, be entitled to that appellation; and the single letters and u, when

pronounced long, must, in this view, be considered as diphthongs. The triphthongs, having at most but two sounds, are merely ocular, and are, therefore, by some grammarians classed with the diphthongs.

SECTION 2. General observations on the sounds of

the letters.
A

Á has four sounds; the long or slender, the broad, the short or open, and the middle.

The long; as in name, basin, creation.

The broad; as in call, wall, all.

The short; as in barrel, fancy, glass.

The middle; as in far, farm, father.

The diphthong aa generally sounds like a short in proper names; as in Balaam, Canaan, Isaac ; but not in Baal, Gaal.

Ae has the sound of long e. It is sometimes found in Latin words. Some authors retain this form; as, ænigma, æquator, &c.; but others have laid it aside, and write enigma, Cesar, Eneas, &c.

The diphthong ai has exactly the long slender sound of a, as in pail, tail, &c.; pronounced pale, tale, &c.: except plaid, again, raillery, fountain, Britain, and a few others.

Au is generally sounded like the broad a: as in taught, caught, &c. Sometimes like the short or open a; as in aunt, flaunt, gauntlet, &c. It has the sound of long o in hautboy; and that of o short in laurel, laudanum, &c.

Aw has always the sound of broad a; as in bawl, scrawl, Crawl.

Ay, like its near relation ai, is pronounced like the long slender sound of a; as in pay, day, delay.

B

B keeps one unvaried sound, at the beginning, middle, and end of words; as in baker, dumber, rhubarb, &c.

In some words it is silent; as in thumb, debtor, subtle, &c. In others, besides being silent, it lengthens the syllable; as in climb, comb, tomb.

C has two different sounds.

C

A hard sound like k, before a, o, u, r, l, t; as, in cart, cottage, curious, craft, tract, cloth, &c.; and when it ends a syllable; as, in victim, flaccid.

A soft sound like s before e, i, and y, generally; as in centre, face, civil, cymbal, mercy, &c. It has sometimes the sound of sh; as in ocean, social.

C is mute in czar, czarina, victuals, &c.

C, says Dr. Johnson, according to English orthography,

never ends a word; and therefore we find in our best dictionaries, stick, block, publick, politick, &e. But many writers of latter years omit the k in words of two or more syllables; and this practice is gaining ground, though it is productive of irregularities; such as writing mimic and mimickry; traffic and trafficking.

Ch is commonly sounded like tch; as in church, chin,

chaff, charter: but in words derived from the Greek, has the sound of k; as in chymist, scheme, chorus, chyle, distich; and in foreign names; as, Achish, Baruch, Enoch,

Ch, in some words derived from the French, takes the sound of sh; as in chaise, chagrin, chevalier, machine.

Ch in arch, before a vowel, sounds like k; as in arch

angel, archives, Archipelago; except in arched, archery, archer, and arch-enemy: but before a consonant it always