The Physics of Medical ImagingThe Physics of Medical Imaging reviews the scientific basis and physical principles underpinning imaging in medicine. It covers the major imaging methods of x-radiology, nuclear medicine, ultrasound, and nuclear magnetic resonance, and considers promising new techniques. Following these reviews are several thematic chapters that cover the mathematics of medical imaging, image perception, computational requirements, and techniques. Throughout the book, the author encourages readers to consider key questions concerning imaging. This profusely illustrated and extensively indexed text is accessible to graduate physical scientists, advanced undergraduates, and research students. It logically complements books on applications of imaging techniques in medicine, making it useful for clinicians as well. |
Contents
IN THE BEGINNING | 5 |
REFERENCES | 14 |
DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY WITH XRAYS | 18 |
22 THE IMAGING SYSTEM AND IMAGE FORMATION | 19 |
23 PHOTON INTERACTIONS | 21 |
24 IMPORTANT PHYSICAL PARAMETERS | 24 |
25 XRAY TUBES | 30 |
26 IMAGE RECEPTORS | 38 |
85 RELAXATION PROCESSES AND THEIR MEASUREMENT | 404 |
86 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGE ACQUISITION AND RECONSTRUCTION | 410 |
87 SPATIALLY LOCALISED SPECTROSCOPY | 443 |
88 INSTRUMENTATION | 463 |
89 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SAFETY | 472 |
REFERENCES | 477 |
PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF INFRARED IMAGING | 486 |
| 487 | |
27 DIGITAL RADIOLOGY | 64 |
REFERENCES | 69 |
QUALITY ASSURANCE AND IMAGE IMPROVEMENT IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY WITH XRAYS | 72 |
33 SPECIFIC QUALITYASSURANCE TESTS | 83 |
34 DATA COLLECTION AND PRESENTATION OF THE RESULTS | 86 |
36 IMPROVEMENT IN RADIOGRAPHIC QUALITY | 88 |
37 SCATTER REMOVAL | 90 |
38 CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT | 92 |
39 SUMMARY OF METHODS OF IMAGE ENHANCEMENT | 94 |
REFERENCES | 95 |
XRAY TRANSMISSION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY | 96 |
42 THE PRINCIPLES OF SECTIONAL IMAGING | 98 |
THE METHOD OF CONVOLUTION AND BACKPROJECTION | 109 |
44 ITERATIVE METHODS OF RECONSTRUCTION | 117 |
45 OTHER CONSIDERATIONS | 119 |
46 APPENDIX | 123 |
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF XRAY COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN RADIOTHERAPY PLANNING | 126 |
52 NONSTANDARD COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY SCANNERS | 133 |
REFERENCES | 138 |
THE PHYSICS OF RADIOISOTOPE IMAGING | 140 |
62 RADIATION DETECTORS | 141 |
63 RADIOISOTOPE IMAGING EQUIPMENT | 145 |
64 RADIONUCLIDES FOR IMAGING | 179 |
65 THE ROLE OF COMPUTERS IN RADIOISOTOPE IMAGING | 191 |
66 STATIC AND DYNAMIC PLANAR SCINTIGRAPHY | 202 |
67 EMISSION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY | 219 |
68 QUALITY CONTROL AND PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF RADIOISOTOPE IMAGING EQUIPMENT | 243 |
69 CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF RADIOISOTOPE IMAGING | 254 |
REFERENCES | 307 |
DIAGNOSTIC ULTRASOUND | 317 |
72 BASIC PHYSICS | 318 |
73 ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES OF ULTRASONIC IMAGING | 335 |
74 CLINICAL APPLICATIONS AND BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF DIAGNOSTIC ULTRASOUND | 363 |
75 RESEARCH TOPICS | 375 |
REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING | 384 |
SPATIALLY LOCALISED NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE | 387 |
82 THE DEVELOPMENT OF NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE | 388 |
83 PRINCIPLES OF NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE | 389 |
84 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE PULSE SEQUENCES | 400 |
95 LIQUIDCRYSTAL THERMOGRAPHY | 503 |
96 MICROWAVE THERMOGRAPHY | 504 |
| 507 | |
102 TISSUE IMPEDANCE IMAGING | 509 |
103 SUGGESTED CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF APPLIED POTENTIAL TOMOGRAPHY | 515 |
REFERENCES | 520 |
IMAGING BY DIAPHANOGRAPHY | 522 |
| 523 | |
113 EXPERIMENTAL ARRANGEMENTS | 526 |
REFERENCES | 530 |
THE MATHEMATICS OF IMAGE FORMATION AND IMAGE PROCESSING | 532 |
122 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OBJECT AND IMAGE | 534 |
123 THE GENERAL IMAGE PROCESSING PROBLEM | 537 |
124 DISCRETE FOURIER REPRESENTATION AND THE MODELS FOR IMAGING SYSTEMS | 540 |
125 THE GENERAL THEORY OF IMAGE RESTORATION | 543 |
126 IMAGE SAMPLING | 547 |
127 TWO EXAMPLES OF IMAGE PROCESSING FROM MODERN CLINICAL PRACTICE | 551 |
128 ITERATIVE IMAGE PROCESSING | 557 |
129 APPENDIX | 560 |
REFERENCES | 563 |
PERCEPTION AND INTERPRETATION OF IMAGES | 565 |
132 THE EYE AND BRAIN AS A STAGE IN AN IMAGING SYSTEM | 567 |
133 SPATIAL AND CONTRAST RESOLUTION | 569 |
134 PERCEPTION OF MOVING IMAGES | 574 |
135 QUANTITATIVE MEASURES OF INVESTIGATIVE PERFORMANCE | 576 |
REFERENCES | 580 |
| 582 | |
| 583 | |
143 PROCESSING SPEED | 586 |
144 DISPLAY OF MEDICAL IMAGES | 588 |
METHODOLOGY | 591 |
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS | 595 |
REFERENCES | 600 |
EPILOGUE | 602 |
152 THE IMPACT OF RADIATION HAZARD ON MEDICAL IMAGING PRACTICE | 604 |
153 ATTRIBUTES AND RELATIVE ROLES OF IMAGING MODALITIES | 608 |
REFERENCES | 612 |
| 615 | |
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Page vi - Organizations; regular meetings of Council are held every three years at the International Conference on Medical Physics (ICMP). The Officers of the Council are the President, the Vice-President and the Secretary-General. IOMP committees include: developing countries; education and training; nominating; and publications. Objectives • To organize international cooperation in medical physics in all its aspects, especially in developing countries. • To encourage and advise on the formation of national...
Page vi - Africa and South American regions. The administrative council of the IFMBE meets once a year and is the steering body for the IFMBE. The council is subject to the rulings of the General Assembly, which meets every three years. Information on the activities of the IFMBE are found on its web site at http://www.ifmbe.org.
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Page v - The Medical Science Series is the official book series of the International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering (IFMBE) and the International Organization for Medical Physics (IOMP). IFMBE The IFMBE was established in 1959 to provide medical and biological engineering with an international presence. The Federation has a long history of encouraging and promoting international cooperation and collaboration in the use of technology for improving the health and life quality of man. The...
Page vi - Every three years the IFMBE holds a World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, organized in cooperation with the IOMP and the IUPESM. In addition, annual, milestone and regional conferences are organized in different regions of the world, such as Asia Pacific, Europe, the Nordic-Baltic and Mediterranean regions, Africa and Latin America.
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