Photostabilization of polymers: principles and applications

absorb Absorption spectra acetylacetonates acid additives anatase and/or antioxidants Appl Applied Science Publishers benzophenone carbon black carbonyl groups chain chelates Chem Chemical Chimassorb 944 chloride Ciba-Geigy coatings colour commercially compounds concentration crosslinking Cyanamid Cyanox Cyasorb UV decrease Developments in Polymer diffusion embrittlement energy exposure formation formed free radicals Goodrite grafted HALS hindered amine hindered phenols hydrogen hydroperoxide hydroperoxide groups hydroxybenzophenone increase Irganox kinetics LDPE light stabilizers low-density polyethylene LDPE mechanism Melting metal molecules monomers nickel(II nitroxy radicals permission from Ref photo-oxidative degradation Photochem photodegradation photolysis photostabilizers pigment piperidine plastics polyethylene polymer polymer film polymer matrix polymeric polyolefins polypropylene polypropylene films polyvinyl polyvinyl chloride processing quencher quenching react reaction Reprinted with permission ROOH rubber rutile scission Scott singlet oxygen solubility spectroscopy structure surface Symp Table temperature thermal oxidation Tinuvin 770 TiO2 Topanol UV irradiation Wavelength nm