Photostabilization of Polymers: Priciples and ApplicationDuring the last two decades, the production of polymers and plastics has been increasing rapidly. In spite of developing new polymers and polymeric materials, only 40-60 are used commercially on a large scale. It has been estimated that half of the annual production of polymers is employed outdoors. Increasing the stability of polymers and plastics towards heat, light, atmospheric oxygen and other environmental agents and weathering conditions has always been a very important problem. The photochemical instability of most of polymers limits them to outdoor application, where they are photo degraded fast over periods ranging from months to a few years. To the despair of technologists and consumers alike, photodegrada tion and environmental ageing of polymers occur much faster than can be expected from knowledge collected in laboratories. In many cases, improved methods of preparation and purification of both monomers and polymers yield products of better quality and higher resistance to heat and light. However, without stabilization of polymers by applica tion of antioxidants (to decrease thermal oxidative degradation) and photostabilizers (to decrease photo-oxidative degradation) it would be impossible to employ polymers and plastics in everyday use. |
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Page 158
... commercially available ( Table 3.10 ) . They react Table 3.10 Spin traps commercially available1197 Chemical name Table 3.10 158 PHOTOSTABILIZATION OF POLYMERS : PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS Nitroso Compounds and Nitrones.
... commercially available ( Table 3.10 ) . They react Table 3.10 Spin traps commercially available1197 Chemical name Table 3.10 158 PHOTOSTABILIZATION OF POLYMERS : PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS Nitroso Compounds and Nitrones.
Page 279
... commercially developed by the Sankyo Co. Ltd ( Japan ) and Ciba - Geigy Ltd ( Switzerland ) . Since the discovery of the effectiveness of hindered amines as photostabilizers in the 1960s , more than 800 patent applications involving ...
... commercially developed by the Sankyo Co. Ltd ( Japan ) and Ciba - Geigy Ltd ( Switzerland ) . Since the discovery of the effectiveness of hindered amines as photostabilizers in the 1960s , more than 800 patent applications involving ...
Page 409
... commercially available film's properties and photostability . 8.6 COMMERCIALLY PRODUCED POLYMERIC HALS A number of commercially produced polymeric HALS ( Table 8.11 ) are available on the market . They are used for photostabilization of ...
... commercially available film's properties and photostability . 8.6 COMMERCIALLY PRODUCED POLYMERIC HALS A number of commercially produced polymeric HALS ( Table 8.11 ) are available on the market . They are used for photostabilization of ...
Contents
Introduction to the Photooxidative Degradation | 1 |
Antioxidants | 19 |
Introduction to the Oxidative and Photo | 42 |
Copyright | |
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Absorbance absorption acetate acid additives anatase and/or antioxidants Applied Science Publishers benzophenone carbon black carbonyl carbonyl groups Carbonyl index CH₂ CH3 CH3 CH3 chain chelates Chem Ciba-Geigy coatings commercially compounds concentration crystalline Cyanamid Cyanox Cyasorb UV decrease Degrad embrittlement EPDM free radicals Goodrite HALS hindered amines hindered phenols hydroperoxide increase Irganox kinetic LDPE light stabilizers mechanism Melting metal molecular weight molecules monomers nickel(II nitroxy radicals Nondiscolouring nonstaining O₂ OH OH permission from Ref peroxy phenoxy radicals phosphite photo-oxidation Photochem photodegradation photostabilizers pigments piperidine plastics poly(vinyl chloride polyesters polyethylene polymer polymer matrix polymeric polyolefins polypropylene polypropylene films polystyrene polyurethane powder processing quencher quenching R₂ R₁ react reaction ROOH rubber rutile salicylate sample Scott singlet oxygen solubility spectra spectroscopy surface Table temperature thermal oxidation Tinuvin 770 TiO2 Topanol UV irradiation X X X X X X ОН