J.-J has the sound of soft g; except in hallelujah, in which it is pro nounced like y. K.-K has the sound of c hard, and is used before e, i, and y, where⚫ would be soft; as kept, skirt, murky. It is silent before n; as in knife knell, knocker. The custom of omitting the k at the end of words where it is preceded ty c, has introduced into the language the unwarrantable novelty of ending a word with an unusual letter, which produces irregularities in formatives; for we are obliged to employ the k in frolicking, frolicked, trafficking, traf ficked, mimicking, attacking, &c. though we omit it in frolick, traffick, &c. L-L has always a soft liquid sound; as in love, billow. It is ofter silent; as in half, talk, almond. M.-M has always the same sound; as in murmur, monumental; except in comptroller, which is pronounced controller. N.-N has two sounds; the one pure; as in man, net, noble; the other a compound sound; as in ankle, banquet, distinct, &c. pronounced angkl, bangkwet. N final is silent when preceded by m; as in hymn, autumn. O.-O has a long sound; as in note, over; and a short one; as in not, got. It has the sound of u short; as in son, attorney, doth, does; and ge nerally in the terminations, op, ot, or, on, om, ol, od, &c. P.-P has but one uniform sound; as in pin, slipper; except in cupboard, clapboard, where it has the sound of b. It is mute in psalm, Ptolemy, tempt, empty, corps, raspberry, and receipt. Ph has the sound of ƒ in philosophy, Philip; and of v in nephew, Stephen. Q.-Q is sounded like k, and is always followed by u pronounced like w; as in quadrant, queen, conquest. B-R has a rough sound; as in Rome, river, rage; and a smooth one; as in bard, card, regard. In the unaccented termination re, the r is sounded after the e; as in fibre, centre. S. S has a flat sound like z; as in besom, nasal; and, at the beginning of words, a sharp, hissing sound; as in saint, sister, sample. It has the sound of sh when preceded by the accent and another s or a liquid, and followed by a diphthong or long u; as in expulsion, censure. S sounds like zh when preceded by the accent and a vowel, and followed by a diphthong or long u; as in brasier, usual. It is mute in isle, corps, demesne, viscount. T.-Tis sounded in take, temper. T before u, when the accent precedes, and generally before eou, sounds like tsh; as, nature, virtue, righteous, are pronounced hatshure, virtshue, richeus. Ti before a vowel, preceded by the accent, has the sound of sh; as in salvation, negotiation; except in such words as tierce, tiara, &c. and unless an s goes before; as, question; and excepting also derivatives from words ending in ty; as in mighty, mightier. Th, at the beginning, middle, and end of words, is sharp; as in thick, panther, breath. Exceptions; then, booth, worthy, &c. U. U has three sounds; a long; as in mule, cubick; a short; as in dull, custard; and an obtuse sound; as in full, bushel. It is pronounced like short e in bury; and like short i in busy, business. V.-V has uniformly the sound of flat f; as in vanity, love. W.-W, when a consonant, has its sound, which is heard in wo, beware. W is silent before r; as in wry, wrap, wrinkle; and also in answer, sword, &c. Before h it is pronounced as if written after the h; as in why when, what;-hwy, hwen, hwat. When heard as a vowel, it takes the sound of u; as in draw, crew, now. X.-X has a sharp sound, like ks, when it ends a syllable with the accent on it; as, exit, exercise; or when it precedes an accented syllable which begins with any consonant except h; as, excuse, extent; but wher the following accented syllable begins with a vowel or h, it has, generally a flat sound, like gz; as in exert, exhort. X has the sound of z at the be ginning of proper names of Greek original; as in Xanthus, Xenophon, Xerxo Y.-Y, when a consonant, has its proper sound; as in youth, York, yes, new-year. When y is employed as a vowel, it has exactly the sound that i wou have in the same situation; as in rhyme, system, party, pyramid. -Z has the sound of flat s; as in freeze, brazen. RULES FOR SPELLING. SPELLING is the art of expressing a word by its proper letters. The following rules are deemed important in practice, although they assist us in spelling only a small portion of the words of our language. This useful art is to be chiefly acquired by studying the spelling-book and dictionary, and by strict attention in reading. I. RULE 1. Monosyllables ending in f, l, or 8, double the final or ending consonant when it is preceded by a single vowel; as, staff, mill, pass. Exceptions; of, if, as, is, has, was, yes, his, this, us, and thus. False Orthography for the learner to correct. Be thou like the gale that moves the gras, to those who ask thy aid.-The aged hero comes forth on his staf; his gray hair glitters in the beam.-Shal mortal man be more just than God? Few know the value of health til they lose it,--Our manners should be neither gros, nor excessively refined. And that is not the lark, whose notes do heat RULE II. Monosyllables ending in any consonant but f, l, or s, never double the final consonant when it is preceded by a single vowel; as, man, hat. Exceptions; add, ebb, butt, egg, odd, err, inn, bunn, jurr, and buzz. False Orthography.-None ever went sadd from Fingal.--He rejoiced over his sonn.-Clonar lies bleeding on the bedd of death.-Many a trapp is set to insnare the feet of youth. The weary sunn has made a golden sett, And, by the bright track of his golden carr, RULE III. Words ending in y, form the plural of nouns, the persons of verbs, participial nouns, past participles, comparatives, and superlatives, by changing y into 1, when the y is preceded by a consonani: as, spy, spies; I carry, thou carriest, he carries; carrier, carried; happy, happier, happiest. The present participle in ing, retains the y that i may not be doubled; as, carry, carrying. But when y is preceded by a vowel, in sucn instances as the above, it is not changed into i; as, boy, boys; I cloy, he cloys; except in the words lay, pay, and say; from which are formed laid, paid, and said; and their compounds, unpaid, unsaid, &c. False Orthography.—Our fancys should be governed by reason.-Thou wearyest thyself in vain.-He denyed himself all sinful pleasures. Win straiing souls with modesty and love; Cast none away. The truly good man is not dismaied by poverty. Ere fresh morning streak the east, we must be risen to reform yonder allies green. RULE IV. When words ending in y, assume an additional syllable beginning with a consonant, the y, if it is preceded by a consonant, is commonly changed to i; as, happy, happily, happiness. But when y is preceded by a vowel, in such instances, it is very rarely changed to i; as,coy, coyless; boy, boyish; boyhood; joy, joyless, joyful. False Orthography.-His mind is uninfluenced by fancyful humours.-The vessel was heavyly laden.-When we act against conscience, we become the destroiers of our own peace. Christiana, mayden of heroick mien ! Star of the north! of northern stars the queen! RULE V. Moncsyllables, and words accented on the last syllable, ending with a single consonant that is preceded by a single vowel, double that consonant when they assume another syllable that begins with a vowel; as, wit, witty ; thin, thinnish; to abet, an abetter. But if a diphthong precedes, or the accent is not on the last syllable, the consonant remains single; as, to toil, toiling; to offer, an offering; maid, maiden. False Orthography.—The business of to-day, should not be defered till tomorrow. That law is annuled.-When we have outstriped our errours, we have won the race. By defering our repentance, we accumulate our sorrows.-The Christian Lawgiver has prohibitted many things which the heathen philosophers allowed. At summer eve, when heaven's aerial bow Spans with bright arch the glitterring hills below.- Rolled round the shudderring walls and shook the ground. RULE VI. Words ending in double l, in taking ness, less, ty, or ful, after them, generally omit one l; as, fulness, skilless, fully, skilful. But words ending in any double letter but 1, and taking s less, ly, or ful, after them, preserve the letter double; as, harm lessness, carelessness, carelessly, stiffly, successful. False Orthography.-A chillness generally precedes a fever. He is wea to dullness. The silent stranger stood amazed to see Contempt of wealth and willful poverty. Restlesness of mind impairs our peace. The road to the blisful regions, 19 as open to the peasant as to the king. The arrows of calumny fall harm lesly at the feet of virtue. RULE VII. Ness, less, ly, or ful, added to words ending in silent e, does not cut it off; as, paleness, guileless, closely, peaceful: except in a few words; as, duly, truly, awful. False Orthography.-Sedatness is becoming. All these with ceasless praise his works behold. -Nature made a pause, An aweful pause! prophetick of her end! RULE VIII. When words ending in silent e, assume the termination, ment, the e should not be cut off; as, abatement, chastisement. The words judgment, abridgment, acknowledgment, are exceptions to this rule. Ment, like other terminations, changes y into i when the y is preceded by a consonant; as, accompany, accompaniment; merry, merriment. False Orthography.—A judicious arrangment of studies facilitates improvment.-Encouragment is greatest when we least need it. To shun allurments is not hard, To minds resolv'd, forwarn'd, and well prepar'd. RULE IX. When words ending in silent e, assume the termination, able or ible, the e should generally be cut off; as, blame, blamable; cure, curable; sense, sensible. But if c or g soft comes before e in the original word, the e is preserved in words compounded with able; as, peace, peaceable; change, changeable. False Orthography.-Knowledge is desireable.-Misconduct is inexcuseable. Our natural defects are not chargable upon us.- -We are made to be servicable to others as well as to ourselves. RULE X. When ing or ish is added to words ending in silent e, the e is almost always omitted; as, place, placing; lodge, lodging; slave, slavish; prude, prudish. False Orthography.-Labour and expense are lost upon a droneish spirit.-An obligeing and humble disposition, is totally unconnected with a servile and cringeing humour. Conscience anticipateing time, One self-approveing hour, whole years outweighs RULE XI. Compound words are generally spelled in the same manner as the simple words of which they are compounded; as, glasshouse, skylight, thereby, hereafter. Many words ending in double l, are exceptions to this rule; as, already, welfare, wilful, fulfil; and also the words wherever, christmas, lammas, &c. False Orthography.-The Jew's pasover was instituted in A. M. 2513. They salute one another by touching their forheads.-That which is sometimes expedient, is not allways so. Then, in the scale of reas'ning life 'tis plain, You may now answer the following What is language?-How is language divided?What is natural language?—What are the elements of natural language in man?-Wherein consists the language of brutes ?—What is artificial language?-What is an idea?-What are words ?What is Grammar?-What does Universal grammar explain ?Wherein does Particular grammar differ from universal?—What is the standard of grammatical accuracy?-What is Philosophical grammar ?—What is Practical grammar?-What is a principle of grammar?—A definition ?-A rule ?-What is English grammar?-Into how many parts is grammar divided?—What does Orthography teach? ETYMOLOGY AND SYNTAX. LECTURE II. OF NOUNS AND VERBS. ETYMOLOGY treats of the different sorts of words, their various modifications, and their derivation. SYNTAX treats of the agreement and government of words, and of their proper arrangement in a sentence. The word ETYMOLOGY signifies the origin or pedigree of words. Syn, a prefix from the Greek, signifies together. Syn-taa means placing together; or, as applied in grammar, sentence making. The rules of syntax, which direct to the proper choice of words, and their judicious arrangement in a sentence, and thereby enable us to correct and avoid errours in speech, are |