the industrious merchant is impoverished by unforeseen and undeserved losses; and the artless husbandman is dragged away from those who are nearest and dearest to him, in order to shed the blood of beings as innocent and as wretched as himself, to repel injuries which he never felt or suspected, and to procure advantages which he may never understand or enjoy. Such are the aggravating circumstances belonging to war, when it is carried on against a foreign enemy, even though it be disarmed of many terrors which accompanied it in less enlightened and less civilized ages.-Dr Parr.

699.

Under the natural order of things, the unfolding of an intelligent, self-helping character, must keep pace with the amelioration of physical circumstances, the advance of the one with the exertions put forth to achieve the other; so that in establishing arrangements conducive to robustness of body, robustness of mind must be insensibly acquired. Contrariwise, to whatever extent activity of thought and firmness of purpose are made less needful by an artificial performance of their work, to that same extent must their increase, and the dependent social improvements, be retarded. The difference between English energy and Continental helplessness is due solely to difference of discipline. Having been left in a greater degree than others to manage their own affairs, the English people have become selfhelping, and have acquired great practical ability: whilst, conversely, the comparative helplessness of the paternally-governed nations of Europe, is a natural result of the state-superintending policyor the reaction attendant on the action of official mechanisms.-Social Statics.

700.

Few are sufficiently aware how much reason most of us have, even as common moral livers, to thank

God for being Englishmen. It would furnish grounds both for humility towards Providence and for increased attachment to our country, if each individual could but see and feel how large a part of his innocence he owes to his birth, breeding, and residence in Great Britain. The administration of the laws; the almost continual preaching of moral prudence ; the number and respectability of our sects; the pressure of our ranks on each other, with the consequent reserve and watchfulness of demeanor in the superior ranks, and the emulation in the subordinate; the vast depth, expansion and systematic movements of our trade; and the consequent interdependence, the arterial or nerve-like net-work of property, which make every deviation from outward integrity a calculable loss to the offending individual from its mere effects, as obstruction and irregularity; and lastly, the naturalness of doing as others do; these and the like influences, peculiar, some in the kind and all in the degree, to this privileged island, are the buttresses, on which our foundationless welldoing is upheld even as a house of cards, the architecture of our infancy, in which each is supported by all.-S. T. Coleridge.

THE UNIVERSITY.

DEUM TIMETO: REGEM HONORATO: VIRTUTEM COLITO: DISCIPLINIS BONIS OPERAM DATO.-Stat. Acad. Cantab.

THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE is a lay Corporation, possessing privileges under charters of the Crown, and Acts of Parliament, or by prescription. The earliest royal letters patent which can now be traced as authentic, are of the reign of Henry III. These, however, do not found the University, but recognize it, as a society of Students already existing with an organized constitution and regular form. Other letters and charters were granted from time to time by subsequent monarchs, of which the most ample and the most important is the charter granted by Queen Elizabeth, in the third year of her reign, confirming former, and conferring new privileges. In the thirteenth year of the same reign, an Act of Parliament was passed, whereby it was enacted that "The Chancellor, Masters, and Scholars of the University of Cambridge," should be incorporated with perpetual succession under that title; and that the letters patent of the Queen, made in the third year of her reign, and also all other letters patent by any of her majesty's progenitors or predecessors, should be good in law to all intents.

In the early state of the University, the students lodged in hostels, under the rule of a Principal at their own proper charges: but in process of time, Colleges were founded and endowed by various benefactors. In Dr Fuller's History of Cambridge are given the names and localities of thirty-four ancient hostels. As the number of Colleges increased, the hostels declined, and were either merged in the Colleges or disused. The Statutes of Queen Elizabeth virtually suppressed the hostels, as in that code it is implied that every student in the University was then a member of some College. Every student on becoming a member of the University, must now become a member of some College. There are, however, still remaining in the University a few members

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