death; two chapters to the scriptural doctrine concerning the state of the dead before the final judgment; one chapter to the scriptural representation of the resurrection; five chapters to an examination of the true significance of Life and Death as used in the Scriptures; and the closing chapter to general observations.

We think the treatise proves irrefutably that the doctrine of conditional immortality is not taught in the Scriptures and that the attempt to educe it from them must issue in violent interpretations and inextricable difficulties and contradictions.

THE METAMORPHOSES OF A CREED.*-This volume is designed to show that the Idealism or Transcendentalism of the Brook Farm in 1842, and of The Dial is the legitimate and essential philosophy of Unitarianism and by logical necessity issues in Pantheism. This thought is developed by examining in successive chapters the Unitarian doctrine as to the Divinity of Jesus Christ, the Providence of God, and the Atonement, showing by citations from prominent Unitarian writers what their doctrine is, and its necessary issue in Pantheism. A chapter follows on Christian Theism. In this the author recognizes what he regards as the true Transcendentalism, a philosophy which recognizes in man intellectual functions transcending the senses. "Transcendentalism, such as was that of Jesus and Wordsworth, is faith in the intuitions to test, not to produce what is said to be true; and when to a soul thus comparisoned by nature it is hinted that God is, the reply of the whole man is, yea, and even here. The salvation of Theism is faith in first truths." He distinguishes Theism, not only from Pantheism, but also from Deism. Theism rejects the Deistic conception of God as a Mechanician, external to the machine he has made and withdrawn from it after it was made, and recognizes God as personal indeed, yet as immanent in his works. He presents Wordsworth's poetry as the type of Theism, distinct alike from Pantheism and Deism; and Watson's Institutes as a type of Christian thought vitiated by Deism. In the remaining chapters he discusses the question, “Is Christian Pantheism the religion of the Future!" Here he reviews at length the essay of Dr. Littledale entitled "The Pantheistic Factor of Christian Thought," and that of Allanson Picton on "Christian Pantheism," showing that while Christianity takes up into itself

*The Metamorphoses of a Creed. An Essay in present day Theology. By FRANK WAKELY GUNSAULUS. Chillicothe, Ohio: Gould & Kello. 1879. pp. xiv. and 376.

whatever is true in Pantheistic thought and thus has all the elements of attractiveness and power which in accordance with truth belong to that fascinating system, it is not itself Pantheism or Pantheistic, but, in the recognition of the personality of God and of his historical action in redemption, entirely irreconcilable with Pantheism.

His conclusions are that Unitarianism cannot claim acceptance on the ground that it is true:--that it has no right to assert its control of the future on the ground of its freedom; it is not a system of negations, but contains the positive elements of Pantheism; "it has escaped the arms of Calvin by being locked in the embrace of Spinoza. It ridiculed Jonathan Edwards, but welcomed Strauss:"-that it has no right to ask the leadership of the race on the ground of its suitableness to human progress :— that it has no right to acceptance "on the ground of affording play for man's divinest faculties, or, indeed anything but an opportunity for them to see their own dishonesty, infidelity, and incompetency."

In discussing the Atonement the author devotes a chapter to the so-called moral theories of the atonement by Dr. Bushnell and other evangelical divines, and argues that they are founded on Unitarian principles and involve the tendency to Pantheism inseparable from those principles.

We are told in the preface that the "volume had its origin in the religious experience of the author,. . . . and is offered as a faithful record, from an intellectual point of view, of his own relation to some questions of theology." He speaks of "one's leaving a creed, because, under its influence, his religious life seemed dying." We infer, though the book does not distinctly say it, that the author is giving the processes of thought which led him from Unitarianism to a more evangelical faith. The reading of the book is made difficult by the necessity both of quoting many authors and of making the quotations brief. The reader is confused by the multiplicity of voices and thrown back on his own knowledge of the volumes cited, before he can intelligently judge of the author's criticisms, applications, and inferences. The difficulty is enhanced by a lack of simplicity and clearness in the style. But the book is rich in the fruits of culture; the thought is fresh, living, vigorous, and original; the whole discussion is timely, and justifies its claim on the title-page to be "An Essay in present day Theology."

MEMORIALS OF MRS. GOULD OF ROME.*-The story of the founding, by a young American lady who had become a resident of Rome, of the "Italo-American schools" for the education of the poor children of that city, is one which should be widely known in this country. From the first arrival of Mrs. Gould in Italy, her interest was awakened in behalf of the multitudes who were everywhere growing up in ignorance. As soon as the downfall of the Papal government made it possible for her to do anything in their behalf, she conceived the project of opening a school where a commencement might be made of an effort to civilize and christianize a few of the degraded poor around her, in the hope that what she did might be an example and an encouragement for others to engage in a similar work. The editor of the memoir says: "After an experience of that absolutely exclusive clerical and religious public instruction which is the ideal Roman Catholic method for training up the youth of any people, an enormous proportion of the people of Rome were confessedly unable either to read or to write. Out of 235,484 inhabitants, all above the age of childhood, who were asked in 1871 whether they could read or write, there answered in the negative, to both parts of the question, 112,757 persons." The success which Mrs. Gould met surpassed her most sanguine expectations. She soon had the pleasure of seeing the methods and principles which she had originated adopted in the public schools which were established in Rome under the new government of the king. The early death of Mrs. Gould seemed at first to endanger the continued existence of the schools and other educational and philanthropic institutions which she had established, but they are now placed on a firm basis. It was not alone, however, in the establishment of her schools that Mrs. Gould made her influence felt in Rome. She was eminent for her social qualities, and her house during all her residence in Rome was most hospitably opened as a place for the reunion of American travelers; and the kind and genial hospitality which she displayed to them in her own house has endeared her memory to a very large number of persons who are now to be found in all parts of her native land. The volume before us consists almost entirely of Mrs. Gould's own letters, which have been arranged and edited by Rev. Dr. Leonard W. Bacon; and thus the interesting story of the establishment of these "Italo-Ameri

* Memorials of Emily Bliss Gould, of Rome. A Life worth living. By LEONARD WOOLSEY BACON. New York: Anson D. F. Randolph. 284 pp. 12mo.

can schools" is substantially told in her own language. From her account we subjoin a single quotation. "For the first few days we were busied in finding out what the children knew, and trying to teach them to think. We soon discovered that they knew nothing. Not one of them could tell the days of the week, the months of the year, or the year in which they were living. They had not the slightest idea of geography, history, or the ele ments of natural philosophy. Some of them could spell words of one or even two syllables, but had never received a single idea from anything they had read. One boy wrote beautifully, but could not read a word of writing. As to their religious instruction, I cannot say that I ever examined them in the lives of the saints, but one day I told them the story of the birth of our Saviour; I went into all the details; telling them of the star in the East, and the journey of the wise men; of the songs of the angels and the worship of the shepherds; of the wicked king Herod; the murder of the innocents; and the flight into Egypt. They lis tened with great interest, and when I had finished, I said, "Tell me, my children, who was this little baby?" Not one of them

knew."

THE GREAT FUR-LAND.*-This book presents a series of very lively sketches of life in the vast northern regions which are ruled over by the Hudson's Bay Company. A clear and detailed account is given of the organization of the Company and of its methods of operation. The author had every variety of experience in journeying in dog sledges and in voyaging with the voyageurs, and the description, which he has given of the novel experiences through which he passed, of the strange characters whom he met, and the strange scenes which he witnessed, make a work which will prove full of fascination to all lovers of wild adventure in strange lands. A single quotation will perhaps give the reader an idea of what the common method of traveling must be in those northern regions. "To the novice the spectacle presented by a number of gayly-accoutered dog-trains gliding merrily by is a cheerful one. The tiny bells keeping time to the foot-falls of the shaggy train; the cariole fantastically decorated in bright warm colors; the passenger cozily wrapped in furs and woolens of shades suggestive of warmth and comfort; the active driver trotting

* The Great Fur-Land, or Sketches of Life in the Hudson's Bay Territory. By H. M. ROBINSON. With numerous illustrations from designs by Charles Gasche. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1879. 348 pp. 12mo.

unweariedly alongside, until the sledge with all its belongings becomes a mere speck of black upon the limitless expanse of snowall conspire to commend dog-sledging to the transient spectator as the ideal of winter travel, the veritable poetry of motion. The swan-like motion of the sledge as its thin bottom yields in graceful curves and undulations, to adapt itself to inequalities of surface beneath it, is strangely suggestive of the progress of a canoe over waters faintly ruffled by a passing breeze. To lie in such a cradle, and be gently rocked over a varying landscape hour after hour would seem an idyllic life in which satiety could never come. But suppose the cold to be of that intensity which it is neither possible to picture nor describe; of that degree in which, after having spoken of the whip-handle which burns the hand that touches it, the tea that freezes while it is being drunk; in which an instant's exposure of the face leaves the cheek or the classical nose upon which one prides himself white and rigid as a piece of marble; in which the traveler, with head bowed to meet the rushing blast, goes wearily on, as silent as the river and forests through which he rides, and from whose rigid bosom no sound ever comes, no ripple ever breaks, no bird, no beast, no human face appearsa cold of which, having said all this, there is a sense of utter inability to convey any adequate idea, except that it means sure and certain death, with calm and peaceful face turned up to the sky, and form hard and unimpressible as if carved from granite, within a period whose duration would expire in the few hours of a winter's daylight if there were no fire or means of making it upon the track."

LIFE OF E. M. ARNDT.*--The subject of this memoir was not one of the most conspicuous of the characters who appear in the history of the Napoleonic age, though by his political writings and especially by his patriotic songs he did much to arouse the spirit of the German people to throw off the yoke of Napoleon and France. Born on the island of Rügen, then under Swedish rule, he early became a professor at Greifswald; and it was not till after the downfall of Prussia at Jena that he began to see in a united Germany the best means of raising a bulwark against the ambition of the Corsican adventurer. Henceforth he became one

*The Life and Adventures of Ernst Moritz Arndt, the Singer of the German Fatherland. Compiled from the German. With a preface by John Robert Seeley, M.A., Professor of Modern History in the University of Cambridge. Boston: Roberts Brothers. 1879. 450 pp., 12mo.