"Nature appointed man to be a companion and an assistant to man." So, Cicero de Finib. lib. iii. c. 20.-" No man would be willing to lead a life of solitude though in an infinity of delights and pleasures, whence it is easy to apprehend that we are born for natural conjunction and community."-Vid. Quint. Instit. lib. ii. c. 16.

Nec verum est, quod dicitur a quibusdam, propter Necessitatem vitæ, quod ea quæ natura desideraret consequi sine aliis, atque efficere non possemus, idcirco esse cum hominibus initam communitatem et societatem ; quod si omnia nobis, quæ ad vitam cultumque pertinent, quasi virgula divina, ut aiunt suppeditarent, tum optimo quisque ingenio, negotiis omnibus omissis, totum se in cognitione et scientiâ collocaret. Non est ita, nam et solicitudinem fugeret et socium studii quæreret, tum docere, tumdiscere vellet, tum audire tum dicere.Cic. Off. lib. i. p. 44.

To form a just idea of civil society we must call it natural society itself, modified so as that there is a sovereign presiding over it; though the institution does not subvert natural society.

Society is well defined to be-multitudo juris consensu, et utilitatis communione sociata. To establish it, different covenants and a general decree are necessary, either actual or implied.

1. A covenant to join for ever in one body; 2. A decree settling the form of government; 3. A second covenant on the part of those on whom supreme authority is conferred, to consult the common advantage and on the part of the subjects, Allegiance.

Sovereignty is the right of commanding in the last resort conferred on a person, which person may be not merely a single man but a multitude of men even, united in council, and forming only one will, by plurality of suffrages, to procure the welfare of all.

The essential parts of sovereignty are the legislative power-the supreme power in religionthe right of inflicting punishment-the dominion of the estates and effects of subjects.

Sovereignty is the right of commanding finally in society, with authority superior to and exclusive of every other upon earth, conferred on the same person, whether one or many, and admitting of no share or partition.

Allegiance, the submission and obedience of every member of a state, without a moral power left in any man to resist it.-Burlemac., Grotius, and Puff.

Of law, no less can be acknowledged than that her seat is the bosom of God, her voice the harmony of the world. All things in heaven

and on earth do her homage, the least as feeling her protection, the greatest as not exempted from her power.-Hooker Ecc. Pol,

Law is thus defined by Cicero-" Lex est summa ratio, insita in natura, quæ jubet ea, quæ facienda sunt, prohibetque contraria. Natura enim juris, ab hominis repetenda naturâ; nihil est profectó præstabilius quam planè intelligi, nos ad Justitiam esse natos, neque opinione, sed naturâ constitutum esse jus.-p. 1197, quarto.

Πας εςι νομος δωρον θες.-Demosthenes

Laws ought not to be relative to the country and to the men of the country only, according to Socrates in Plato, but to the surrounding nations also; and, to give stability to any government, it is necessary that all orders of the state should feel their interest in its safety.Arist. 108.

Jurisprudence is that science by which the civil laws are not only explained but applied.

Law of Nations.-We may distinguish two sorts of law of nations; one necessary, which is obligatory of itself, and no way differs from the law of nature; the other, arbitrary and free, founded only on a kind of tacit convention, and deriving all its force from the law of nature, which commands us to be faithful to our engagements-or express contracts.

Mankind being divided into societies, called

states, these political bodies form a kind of society among themselves, and are subject to those primitive and general laws.

Law must be natural, or instituted, viz.such as God prescribes in the voice of reason, or such as man appoints by civil sanction. To the law of nature we must look for the law of nations, for, if we consider its origin, it is the law of nature; if the object or application, it is the law of nations, that unwritten, general, reasonable, and clear obligation, which links separate communities together like individuals; the dictate of right reason applied to the wants and services, the exigencies and necessities of societies. Taylor, Civ. Law. 128, 9.

According to Aristotle, both society and government are as congenial to the nature of man, as it is natural for a plant to fix its roots in the earth to extend its branches and to scatter its seeds

Of these associations, that of a family is the first in its origin. A house, a wife, children, and an ox, with the husband or master, form the elements of the first community, fed from the same board, and warmed at the same hearth. Next in order follows the association of a canton or village, founded in utility and most naturally formed by colonization from the first house or family. It is the association of kinsmen under

the authority of their common progenitor, whose jurisdiction slowly extends with the gradual multiplication of his family. Cities, therefore, were first subject to some kind of monarchy, and originally subsisted under patriarchial government.

The union of various villages forms at length a city or commonwealth; that finished fabric of society, reaching as near as may be the bound of perfection, self-sufficient and complete, constituted for safety, and productive of happiness congenial to human nature; the goal to which all preceding associations tend; their natural result and highest maturity; that stage of man's existence which peculiarly ascertains, characterizes, and essentiates his nature who delights in society far more than do herds and bees, &c.; since nature, which never works in vain, distinguished him by the power of speech.

The things essential to every state, whether as constituent parts or as concomitants, may be reduced to the six following heads :

1. Food-the great want of mankind. 2. Arts-because to effect the comfort of life, is a work requiring many instruments.

3. Arms for citizens must be armed, to prevent both domestic disorders, and ward off foreign violence.

4. Money-as the medium of exchange and