rules will be clearly understood, after they have been diligently studied," are preferable to, "These rules will clearly be understood, after they have diligently been studied."

From the preceding remarks and examples, it appears that no exact and determinate rule can be given for the placing of adverbs, on all occasions. The general rule may be of considerable use; but the easy flow and perspicuity of the phrase, are the things which ought to be chiefly regarded.

The adverb there is often used as an expletive, or as a word that adds nothing to the sense; in which case it precedes the verb and the nominative noun: as, "There is a person at the door;""There are some thieves in the house;" which would be as well, or better, expressed by saying, "A person is at the door;" "Some thieves are in the house." Sometimes, it is made use of to give a small degree of emphasis to the sentence: as, "There was a man sent from God, whose name was John." When it is applied in its strict sense, it principally follows the verb and the nominative case: as, "The man stands there."

1 The adverb never generally precedes the verb: as, "I never was there" "He never comes at a proper time." When an auxiliary is used, it is placed indifferently, either before or after this adverd: as, "He was never seen (or never was seen) to laugh from that time."

Never seems to be improperly used in the following passages. "Ask me never so much dowry and gift." "If I make my hands never so clean." "Charm he never so wisely." The word "ever" would be more suitable to the sense.

2 In imitation of the French idiom, the adverb of place where, is often used instead of the pronoun relative and a preposition. "They framed a protestation, where they repeated all their forner claims;" i. e." in which they repeated." "The king was

still determined to run forwards, in the same course where he was already, by his precipitate career, too fatally advanced;" i. e. "in which he was." But it would be better to avoid this mode of expression.

The adverbs hence, thence, and whence, imply a preposition; for they signify, "from this place, from that place, from what place." It seeins, therefore, strictly speaking, to be improper to join a preposition with them, because it is superfluous: as,

This is the leviathan, from whence the wits of our age are said to borrow their weapons;" "An ancient author prophesies from hence." But the origin of these words is little attended to, and the preposition from so often used in construction with them, that the omission of it, in many cases, would seem stiff, and be disagreeable.

The adverbs here, there, where, are often improperly applied to verbs signifying motion, instead of the adverbs hither, thither, whither: as, "He came here hastily;" They rode there with speed." They should be, "Ile came hither;" "They rode thither," &c.

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3 We have some examples of adverbs being used for substantives: "In 1687, he erected it into a community of regulars, since when, it has begun to increase in those countries as a religious order;" i. e. "since which time." "A little while and I shall not see you" i. e. a short time." "It is worth their while ;" i. e. " it deserves their time and pains." But this use of the word rather suits familiar than grave style. The same may be said of the phrase, "To do a thing anyhow;" i. e. “in any manner;" or, somehow ;" i. e. "in some manner." "Somehow, worthy as these people are, they are under the influence of prejudice." RULE XVI.

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Two negatives, in English, destroy one another, or are equivalent to an affirmative: as, " Nor did they not perceive him;" that is, "they did perceive him." "His language, though inelegant, is not ungrammatical;" that is, "it is grammatical.'

It is better to express an affirmation, by a regular affirmative, than by two separate negatives, as in the former sentence: but when one of the negatives is joined to another word, as in the latter sentence, the two negatives forin a pleasing and delicate variety of expression.

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Some writers have improperly employed two negatives instead of one; as in the following instances: "I never did repent of doing good, nor shall not now;" "nor shall I now." "Never no imitator grew up to his author;" "never did any," &c. "I cannot by no means allow him what his argument must prove;" "I cannot by any means," &c. or, "I can by no means." "Nor let no comforter approach me;" "nor let any comforter," &c. "Nor is danger ever apprehended in such a government, no more than we commonly apprehend danger from thunder or earthquakes:" it should be, "any more." Ariosto, Tasso, Galileo, no more than Raphael, were not born in republics.” "Neither Ariosto, Tasso, nor Galileo, any more than Raphael, was born in a republic."

RULE XVII.

Prepositions govern the objective case: as, I have heard a good character of her ""From him that is needy turn not away;" "A word to the wise is sufficient for them;" "We may be good and happy without riches."

The following are examples of the nominative case being used instead of the objective. "Who servest thou under ?" "Who do you speak to?" "We are still much at a loss who civil power belongs to:" "Who dost thou ask for?” "Associate not with those who none can speak well of." In all these places it ought to be "whom." See Note 1

The prepositions to and for are often understood, chiefly before

after forbear: as, "He could not forbear from appointing the pope," &c. "A strict observance after times and fashions;" "of times." "The character which we may now value ourselves by drawing;" "upon drawing.” "Neither of them shall make me swerve out of the path;" "from the path." "Ye blind guides, which strain at a gnat, and swallow a camel;" it ought to be, "which strain out a gnat, or take a gnat out of the liquor by straining it." The impropriety of the preposition has wholly destroyed the meaning of the phrase.

The preposition among generally implies a number of things It cannot be properly used in conjunction with the word every, which is in the singular number: as, "Which is found among every species of liberty;" "The opinion seems to gain ground among every body."

5 The preposition to is made use of before nouns of place, when they follow verbs and participles of motion: as, "I went to London;” “I am going to town." But the preposition at is generally used after the neuter verb to be: as, "I have been at London" "I was at the place appointed;" "I shall be at Paris." We likewise say: "He touched, arrived at any place." The preposition in is set before countries, cities, and large towns: as, "He lives in France, in London, or in Birmingham." But before villages, single houses, and cities which are in distant countries, at is used; as, "He lives at Hackney;" "lle resides at Montpelier."

It is a matter of indifference with respect to the pronoun one another, whether the preposition of be placed between the two parts of it, or before them both. We may say, "They were jealous of one another;" or, "They were jealous one of another;" but perhaps the former is better.

Participles are frequently used as prepositions: as, excepting, respecting, touching, concerning, according. "They were all in fault except or excepting him."

RULE XVIII.

Conjunctions connect the same moods and tenses or verbs and cases of nouns and pronouns: as, Candour is to be approved and practised:" "If thou sincerely desire, and earnestly pursue virtue, she will assuredly be found by thee, and prove a rich reward:" "The master taught her and me to write:" He and she were school fellows."*

A few examples of inaccuracy respecting this rule may further display its utility. "If he prefer a virtuous life, and is sincere in his professions, he will succeed;" "if he prefers." "To deride the miseries of the unhappy, is inhuman; and wanting compassion towards them, is unchristian;" "and to want compassion." "The parliament addressed the king, and has been

This rule refers only to nouns and pronouns, which have the same bearing or relation, with regard to other parts of the sentence.

prorogued the same day;"" and was prorogued." "His wealth and him bid adieu to each other;" "and he." "He entreated us, my comrade and I, to live harmoniously;" "comrade and ne." "My sister and her were on good terms;" "and she." "We often overlook the blessings which are in our possession, and are searching after those which are out of our reach :" it ought to be, "and search after."

1 Conjunctions are, indeed, frequently made to connect different moods and tenses of verbs: but in these instances the nominative must generally, if not always, he repeated, which is not necessary, though it may be done, under the construction to which the rule refers. We may say, "He lives temperately, and he should live temperately;" "He may return, but he will not continue;""She was proud, though she is now humble:" but it is obvious, that in such cases, the nominative ought to be repeated; and that, by this means, the latter members of these sentences are rendered not so strictly dependent on the preceding, as those are which come under the rule. When, in the progress of a sentence, we pass from the affirmative to the negative form, or from the negative to the affirmative, the subject or nominative is always resumed: as, "He is rich, but he is not respectable." He is not rich, but he is respectable." There appears to be, in general, equal reason for repeating the nominative, and resuming the subject, when the course of the sentence is diverted by a change of the mood or tense. The following sentences may therefore be improved. "Anger glances into the breast of a wise man, but will rest only in the bosom of fools;" "but rests only" or, "but it will rest only." "Virtue is praised by many, and would be desired also, if her worth were really known;" "and she would." "The world begins to recede, and will soon disappear"""and it will." See the Octavo Grammar, RULE XVIII.

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RULE XIX.

Some conjunctions require the indicative, some the subjunctive mood, after them. It is a general rule, that when something contingent or doubtful is implied, the subjunctive ought to be used: as. "If I were to write, he would not regard it;"He will not be pardoned, unless he repent."

Conjunctions that are of a positive and absolute nature require the indicative mood. "As virtue advances, so vice recedes:" "He is healthy, because he is temperate."

The conjunctions, if, though, unless, except, whether, &c. generally require the subjunctive mood after them: as, If thou be afflicted, repine not;""Though he slay me, yet will I trust in him;" "He cannot be clean, unless he wash himself;" "No power, except it were given from above;" "Whether it were I or they, so we preach." But even these conjunctions, when the sentence does not imply doubt, admit of the indicative: as,

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after forbear: as, "He could not forbear from appointing the pope," &c. "A strict observance after times and fashions;" times." "The character which we may now value ourselves by drawing;" upon drawing." "Neither of them shall make me swerve out of the path;" 'from the path.” "Ye blind guides, which strain at a gnat, and swallow a camel;" it ought to be, "which strain out a gnat, or take a gnat out of the liquor by straining it." The impropriety of the preposition has wholly destroyed the meaning of the phrase.

The preposition among generally implies a number of things It cannot be properly used in conjunction with the word every, which is in the singular number: as, "Which is found among every species of liberty;" "The opinion seems to gain ground among every body."

"I went

5 The preposition to is made use of before nouns of place, when they follow verbs and participles of motion: as, to London ;" "I am going to town.' But the preposition at is generally used after the neuter verb to be: as, "I have been at London" "I was at the place appointed;" "I shall be at Paris." We likewise say: "He touched, arrived at any place." The preposition in is set before countries, cities, and large towns: as, "He lives in France, in London, or in Birmingham." But before villages, single houses, and cities which are in distant countries, at is used; as, "He lives at Hackney;" "He resides at Montpelier."

It is a matter of indifference with respect to the pronoun one another, whether the preposition of be placed between the two parts of it, or before them both. We may say, 66 They were jealous of one another;" or, "They were jealous one of another;" but perhaps the former is better.

Participles are frequently used as prepositions: as, excepting, respecting, touching, concerning, according. "They were all in fault except or excepting him.”

RULE XVIII.

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Conjunctions connect the same moods and tenses or verbs and cases of nouns and pronouns: as, Candour is to be approved and practised :" "If thou sincerely desire, and earnestly pursue virtue, she will assuredly be found by thee, and prove a rich reward:" "The master taught her and me to write:" "He and she were school fellows."*

"To

A few examples of inaccuracy respecting this rule may further display its utility. "If he prefer a virtuous life, and is sincere in his professions, he will succeed;" “if he prefers.” deride the miseries of the unhappy, is inhuman; and wanting compassion towards them, is unchristian;""and to want compassion." "The parliament addressed the king, and has been

This rule refers only to nouns and pronouns, which have the same bearing or relation, with regard to other parts of the sentence.