in the way of exposition. A brief notice of his method of argument, with a remark or two as to its inconclusiveness, shall conclude this article. It consists in general, in tracing a similarity of thoughts and language in many respects, with those of the epistles of Paul, to prove, as it is alleged, the priority of the Apocalypse. Thus in 1 Cor. 15: 52, where Paul speaks of "the last trump," the reference, it is contended, is to the series of trumpets or blasts, spoken of by John. When Paul, in Hebrews 11: 19, says that Abraham looked for την τους θεμελίους έχουσαν πολιν, "the city having the foundations," the use of the article, it is said, implies that the subject was familiar to those whom he addressed. As to the last trump, Paul might have learned enough from the prophets, as some understand Isa. 27: 13, and 54: 11-17, Zach. 9:14, to authorize such an expression; but we prefer to say, that there is nothing remarkable in the fact, since Paul too was divinely inspired by an original and independent revelation. Certainly the Old Testament predictions set forth, distinctly enough, the heavenly city-the city of God's abode, that shall be called JEHOVAH SHAMMAH, Ezek. 48: 35, Jer. 3:17, and Zech. 2: 10-13, which was the great object of hope and expectancy, on the part of the ancient worthies who "died in the faith "-familiarly and confidently spoken of and anticipated, anterior to, and during the days of Christ and his apostles.

The value and force of this sort of internal evidence may be judged of by the reader from one or two additional examples. Peter speaks in Ch. 1: 3-9 of the appearing of Jesus Christ, and in v. 13 of his revelation. The word is anonavys in both places. This, Dr. Tilloch accounts to be a reference by name to the book of Revelations-εν αποκαλύψει Ιησε Χριστο—and hence he infers that it must have been written prior to Peter's first epistle. In the epistle to the Colossians also he finds "a torrent of internal evidence of its having been written later than the Apocalypse," and is surprised that critics "should not have perceived it." But that evidence is found in such expressions as "the inheritance of the saints," Col. 1:12, compared with Rev. 21: 7, delivered as from "the power of the darkness," &c.; and Col. 1: 13, compared with Rev. 16: 10, 22: 5. Col. 1: 14, 16, 17, 18 with Rev. 1: 5,9 and 4; 11: 10, 6.1 Just as if different writers, referring to a common subject of deep interest, would not sometimes adopt similar expressions, especially those by which it is most frequently and forcibly presented:-and, as if separate and independent communications might not be made by the same Spirit of inspiration, and in the case of Paul, who actually received by inspiration the Lord's Supper, an ordinance previously established (1 Cor. 11: 23-25), and the Gospel he preached, which was identical with that of the older apostles (Gal. 1: 12, δι' ἀποκαλύψεως Ιησου Χριστού) not certainly from John's Apoca1 Tilloch on the Apocalypse, p. 88.

3

lypse!! Who does not see, that this is in fact learned trifling? and that such exalting of the internal evidence against the external, is only exposing its weakness and want of just claim to the confidence demanded for it!

It is much more direct and manly to do as Bauchmair has done, -amend the reading of Irenæus by introducing a syllable into a word, and claim that what he is reported to have written, 40MITIANOY was originally outs, which was the pronomen of Nero. Certainly it is much more ingenious to do as Guerike suggests, that when Irenæus says "that the Apocalypse was seen not long ago, but almost in our generation πρὸς τῷ τέλει τῆς Δομιτιανοῦ ἄρχης, the word 4quiniavov is to be taken, not as a noun, but adjective, and if an adjective, according to Greek formations, it belongs properly to Domitias, as 4ounavixos would to Domitian, so that Irenæus has been always thus understood, having in fact meant to date the Apocalypse in the reign of Nero! Prof. Stuart, however, cannot accede to the correctness of the criticism, however important it would be for his argument, and however convincing it was to Guerike.

Such is a careful and we think candid investigation of the evidence pro and con, on the subject of the date of the Apocalypse. The reader will make his own reflections, and the whole is submitted to his serious consideration.

ARTICLE II.

CHRISTIANITY FORETOLD UNDER THE SYMBOLS OF JUDAISM.

By Prof. E. P. BARROWS, Jr., Western Reserve College, Hudson, O.

In the beginning of the fourth chapter of Micah, occurs the following passage, which, by the beauty and grandeur of its imagery, never fails to arrest the attention of the reader of taste, while its bright anticipations of the future glory of God's house, send a thrill of holy rapture through every pious bosom :

"But in the last days it shall come to pass, that the mountain of the house of the Lord shall be established in the top of the mountains, and it shall be exalted above the hills; and people shall flow unto it. And many nations shall come, and say, Come, and let us go up to the mountain of the Lord, and to the house of the God of Jacob; and he will teach us his ways, and we will walk in his paths: for the law shall go forth

of Zion, and the word of the Lord from Jerusalem. And he shall judge among many people, and rebuke strong nations afar off; and they shall beat their swords into plough-shares, and their spears into pruning hooks; nation shall not lift up a sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more. But they shall sit every man under his vine and under his fig-tree; and none shall make them afraid: for the mouth of the Lord of Hosts hath spoken it."

The same words, with the exception of the last sentence, occur also in Isaiah (2:1-4), with some unessential variations. Micah and Isaiah were contemporaries, the context alone will enable us to decide to which prophet the passage belongs as original, if indeed both have not quoted from some source to us unknown. The evidence from this would seem to be in favor of Micah; for in him it appears in connexion with what precedes and follows, while in Isaiah such a connexion cannot be clearly discovered. But this is a question of no importance to the view which we propose to take of the prophecy, and, with these passing remarks, we dismiss it.

That these remarkable words contain a prophecy of the extension of Christianity over all the earth, with the peace, plenty, and blessedness that ever follow in its train, will hardly be denied by any one who believes in the reality of prophetic inspiration. Under the Mosaic economy, which has vanished away never to return, they were not fulfilled either in form or in spirit. It remains that they be fulfilled under the gospel. But, though the matter of the prophecy is the Christian dispensation, its dress is wholly Jewish; and this is the point to which we wish particularly to direct the attention of our readers-Christianity foretold under the symbols of Judaism. The conception of the prophecy is throughout thoroughly Jewish. Under the Mosaic ritual, "the mountain of the house of the Lord" was the central point of divine worship. According to this ritual, all the public services of religion were restricted to one place-the tabernacle, and afterwards the temple erected by Solomon upon Mount Moriah, which, by the Jewish writers, is reckoned as a part of Zion. Whoever wished to bring an offering to the Lord from any part of the land, was compelled to repair to Jerusalem, and present it to the priests in attendance at the temple; for, by the laws of Moses, no sacrifice or oblation could be offered except by the priests, and at no other place except the altar in the court, first of the tabernacle, and afterwards of the temple. "Take heed to thyself that thou offer not thy burntofferings in every place that thou seest: but in the place which the Lord shall choose in one of thy tribes, there thou shalt offer thy burnt-offerings, and there thou shalt do all that I command thee." (Deut. 12: 13, 14.) The same rule applied to unbloody offerings of every kind, as abundantly appears from an inspection of the Levitical institutions. To the mountain of the Lord's house" the people were, moreover, commanded to resort three times every year, and that with offerings according to their ability.

"Three times in a year shall all thy males appear before the Lord thy God, in the place which he shall choose; in the feast of unleavened bread (the passover), and in the feast of weeks (the feast of Pentecost), and in the feast of tabernacles: and they shall not appear before the Lord empty: every man shall give as he is able, according to the blessing of the Lord thy God, which he hath given thee." (Deut. 16: 16, 17.)

And the priests were commanded, in return, to instruct the people in the knowledge of God's law. It was especially enjoined upon them to do this on the Sabbatical year. "At the end of

every seven years, in the solemnity of the year of release, in the feast of tabernacles, when all Israel is come to appear before the Lord thy God, in the place which he shall choose, thou shalt read this law before all Israel in their hearing. Gather the people together, men, and women, and children, and thy stranger that is within thy gates, that they may hear, and that they may learn, and fear the Lord your God, and observe to do all the words of this law." (Deut. 31: 10-12.)

Jerusalem was also the seat of royal authority, the fountain of civil as well as of religious law. There were "set thrones of judgment, the thrones of the house of David." In a word, Zion was the centre of both political and ecclesiastical power. Ark, altar of burnt-offering, altar of incense, priest, king-all were collected within the walls of Jerusalem. There God dwelt between the Cherubim in the holy of holies, concealing the brightness of his glory from all mortal vision, save that of the high priest, who was allowed to enter into his immediate presence once every year, on the great day of atonement. It is hardly possible for us to conceive of the depth and tenderness of emotion with which the pious Jew thought of Mount Zion. To him the holy city was "the beauty of perfection." (Ps. 50: 2.) At the prospect of visiting her, his heart leaped for joy. "I was glad when they said unto me, Let us go into the house of the Lord. Our feet shall stand within thy walls, O Jerusalem." (Ps. 122: 1, 2.) When he beheld her sacred walls, he exclaimed, in a transport of holy rapture, "Beautiful for situation, the joy of the whole earth, is Mount Zion, on the sides of the north, the city of the great King. God is known in her palaces for a refuge." (Ps. 48: 2, 3.) He ever conceived of her as the appointed residence of Jehovah. When his king had gone forth to battle, he prayed that God would succor him from Zion, as from his constant dwelling-place. "The Lord send thee help from his sanctuary, and strengthen thee out of Zion." (Ps. 20: 2.) In exile, he ever turned his face towards Jerusalem in prayer (Dan. 6: 10); and, though her walls were laid in ruins, he took pleasure in her stones, and favored the dust thereof. (Ps. 102: 14.) It was impossible for him to form any other conception of the extension of the true religion to the diffe

rent nations of the world, except that of its diffusion under the forms of the Mosaic ritual from Jerusalem, as a central point, and the consequent flowing together of all people to the solemn festivals there annually celebrated.

In perfect accordance with this Jewish idea, is the prophecy now under consideration. It represents the universal diffusion of the knowledge and the love of God, under the conception of an expansion of the Mosaic economy over the whole earth. In the indefinitely distant future, so often indicated in the Hebrew Scriptures, by the words "the last days," he sees "the mountain of the Lord's house" "established in the top of the mountains," and "exalted above the hills." As Zion is now to be the central point of attraction to the whole earth, he beholds this mountain with its temple lifted up to the very summit of the highest mountain ranges of Palestine, and established there above all the surrounding hills, a conspicuous object of observation to the whole human family.

The spirit of prophecy has lifted up the prophet himself between the earth and the heaven, and brought him in the visions of God to Jerusalem, and placed him on the topmost pinnacle of her temple. There he beholds the men of every nation, flowing in mighty streams to Mount Zion from all quarters of the globe, and urging each other forward in their course. They come with an obedient spirit to learn and do the will of God. "Come," say they, "and let us go up to the mountain of the Lord, and to the house of the God of Jacob; and he will teach us his ways, and we will walk in his paths." The Lord sits enthroned in his temple, and proclaims to all the gathering millions his holy law, so that Jerusalem now becomes the fountain of truth, knowledge, and justice to all mankind. "For the law shall go forth of Zion, and the word of the Lord from Jerusalem." As of old he judged between the tribes of Israel, justifying the righteous and condemning the wicked, so now he is made the Judge and Arbiter of "many people," even "strong nations afar off." Having in an obedient and loving spirit, submitted their controversies to his righteous tribunal, instead of an appeal to arms, as heretofore; and having received with willing hearts, the holy and benevolent principles of his government, all the implements of war become unnecessary. Universal peace, plenty, and security, succeed to the tumult and bloodshed which have hitherto filled the world with terror and wretchedness. "They shall beat their swords into ploughshares and their spears into pruning-hooks: nation shall not lift up a sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more. But they shall sit every man under his vine and under his fig-tree, and none shall make them afraid." This state of the world is so different from that which has heretofore prevailedthe change is so great and glorious-that the promise almost stag