BOOPHILUS MICROPLUS HITCHCOCK (1955). Australia. Life cycle (cf. page 321). Details of cycle on hosts. TENDEIRO (1955). Mozambique. As B. fallax: review of previous reports from colony. DERMACENTOR C. CIRCUMGUTTATUS VAN VAERENBERGH (1954). Belgian Congo. Record of specimens. TENDEIRO (1955). Mozambique. Review of previous reports from colony. Subspecies here is cunhasilvae. DERMACENT OR RHINOCERINUS GRIMALDI (1934). Somaliland. Obbia, collecting locality. TENDEIRO (1955). Mozambique. Review of previous reports from colony. HOSTS (page 335): One male from cattle, locality unstated, in Uganda; seen in collections (Number 309) of Uganda Veterinary Service, Entebbe. HAEMAPHYSALIS ACICULIFER TENDEIRO (1955). Mozambique. Review of previous reports from colony. MOREL, P. (1956 correspondence). French West Africa. in Senegal across the east point of Gambia, on bushbuck, HAEMAPHY SALIS HOODI HOODI TENDEIRO (1955). Mozambique. Review of previous reports from colony. MOREL, P. (1956 correspondence). French West Africa. On On Centropus senegalensis at Gorom (50 km. from Dakar), Mbour (100 km. from Dakar on Atlantic coast), and Barmako (French Sudan). Francolinus bicalcaratus at Barmako and Bouake (Ivory Coast). On Ptilostomus afer at Gorom. All stages of this tick on these birds. MOREL, P. (1956 correspondence). French West Africa. On Euxerus erythropus at Nioro, French Sudan (adults and nymphs), and at Massakori, Tchad, about forty kilometers east of Lake Tchad (adults). HAFMAPHY SALIS LEACHII LEACHII TENDEIRO (1955). Mozambique. Review of previous reports from colony. HAEMAPHY SALIS LEACHII MUHSAMI TENDEIRO (1935). Mozambique. Review of previous reports from colony (as H. leachii indica). HYALOMMA DETRITUM and H. SCUPENSE OLENEV (1931B). USSR. As H. detritum rubrum: description. ?As H. volgense and H. uralense: notes (see page 407). As H. verae: description (see page 407). MARKOV, KURCHATOV, & MIRZABEKOV (1939). USSR. H. detritum, transmission of theilerosis in zebu cattle. MARKOV & BERNADSKAIA (1939). USSR. KURCHATOV & KALMYKOV (1934). USSR. tion (see page 407). USSR. As H. volgense: distribu DEMIDOVA (1942). USSR, Uzbekistan. As H. volgense: gives an account of methods of grazing and quartering cattle in BARBETTI (1943). Yugoslavia. H. scupense, presence in southern GALUZO & L'VOVA (1945). USSR. H. detritum For review of other reports on this tick by Galuzo, see page 411. An ecological study in the Gissarian Valley to determine the fate of engorged females that drop from cattle in various situa tions and the effect of environmental factors on time of hatching, this field study merits careful attention. Although cattle wander over a variety of biotopes, H. detritum is encountered in only certain of these. In the field it is difficult to discover more than an occasional engorged female on the ground, even when pas tures are dug up, manure is scattered, and grass is pulled out by the roots. Earlier studies, aimed at determining whether fe males detach from the host during the day while cattle are in the field or at night when they are confined, had shown that en gorged females fall to the ground at any time of the day or night. Females might be expected to find suitable niches for hiding, prooviposition resting, and egg laying in grass roots, rodent burrows, reptile haunts, "insect nests", cracks and crevices in the soil, or under cakes of cow dung, lumps of earth, stones, grass bedding, or the like. Observations preliminary to the present experiment showed that when the temperature is partic ularly high (from 35°C. to 40°c.) and the sunlight extremely strong, females leaving the host immediately crawl into any shaded place and, if possible, burrow into the soil or hide in cracks or crevices. Females that depart their host in the evening crawl slowly over the soil until they find a crack or crevice. This they enter as deeply as the size of their body will permit. They may pass one apparently suitable niche or enter it and depart again in search of another. Rodent burrows, grass roots, or spaces under cow dung or stones are not chosen in preference to cracks in soil or under grass bedding. Oviposition commences from ten to fourteen days after leaving the host. To observe the effect of the environment of niches in various biotopes on oviposition and the life cycle, engorged females were placed in each conceivable type of situation (in test tubes 10 cm. long, 2 to 3 cm. in diameter; into one end four reeds 10 cm. in length were placed and cheesecloth wrapped around them, the opposite end plugged with cotton; cheesecloth end placed down). 1. Northern slopes of hills, without roots, i.e. ploughed or overgrazed, no wild or cultivated vegetation; where untouched a variety of vegetation persists (scientific names given). Two tubes containing engorged females were placed in cracks in soil, two in "insect nests," one in a rodent burrow, four under grass roots, and two under a cake or cow dung. 2. Southern slopes of hills, which are considerably steeper than northern slopes and covered by a thinner layer of loess but with more vegetation near the summit; little cultivated or not at all; annual grasses with many xerophilic perennials; almost no cracks in soil, rodent burrows, or "insect nests". Here the only place in which a female may hide is in shallow interstices of an nual grass roots; three tubes were placed in this situation. The remainder of the experiment was undertaken in an irrigated part of the valley, a weakly undulating plain of river deposits and mostly under cultivation. 3. Mountain steppe (in lower part of valley); neglected weed patches of different age. The only hiding places for ticks are in cracks in soil and under grass bedding; four tubes placed in each of these situations. 4. Irrigated, cultivated plots, rice, melons, etc.; previously used melon field now deserted and overgrown by weeds utilized for experiment; five tubes placed in cracks of soil, two tubes under roots of grass. Owing to frequent irrigation, these were the only situations in which ticks could survive. |