Optical Transmission Systems EngineeringOptical networks are the backbones of today's telecommunications systems. If an optical network's transmission capability fails or is disrupted, telephone and Internet service is knocked out. This book is a practitioner's look at this essential aspect of telecommunications. The book offers professionals hands-on guidance in engineering optical networks for optimal performance. Real-world applications illustrate the principles of transmission engineering. Complete with tables containing signal and transmission condition data, this book is an indispensable tool for calculating and modeling network transmission capabilities. Telecommunications engineers and planners can use the series of transmission scenarios to ensure network transmission under worst case conditions. These transmission scenarios also enable network product developers to innovate high-performance, high-reliability optical transmission equipment. An overview of systems engineering and optical networking fundamentals quickly brings students and novices up-to-speed on a wide range of critical topics all practitioners need to understand. |
Contents
Introduction to Optical Bandwidth and Lightwave Paths | 1 |
12 Optical Transmission System Definition | 3 |
13 Organization of the Book | 11 |
14 Summary | 12 |
References | 13 |
Optical Components as Constituents of Lightwave Paths | 15 |
21 Semiconductor Light Sources | 17 |
212 Semiconductor Lasers | 18 |
45 Impact of Nonlinear Effects | 138 |
46 Summary | 145 |
Optical Transmission Systems Engineering | 147 |
52 Receiver Sensitivity Handling | 152 |
521 Receiver Sensitivity Defined by Shot Noise and Thermal Noise | 153 |
522 Receiver Sensitivity Defined by Optical Preamplifier | 156 |
523 Optical Signalto Noise Ratio | 157 |
53 Power Penalty Handling | 158 |
22 Optical Modulators | 22 |
222 External Optical Modulation | 23 |
23 Optical Fibers | 26 |
231 SingleMode Optical Fibers | 29 |
232 Optical Fiber Manufacturing and Cabling | 33 |
24 Optical Amplifiers | 37 |
25 Photodiodes | 43 |
26 Key Optical Components | 45 |
261 Optical Couplers Isolators Variable Optical Attenuators and Optical Circulators | 46 |
262 Optical Switches | 50 |
263 Optical Filters | 51 |
264 Optical Multiplexers and Demultiplexers | 57 |
27 Summary | 59 |
Optical Signal Noise and Impairments Parameters | 63 |
311 Output Signal Power | 64 |
312 The Extinction Ratio | 65 |
314 Photodiode Responsivity | 67 |
32 Noise Parameters | 68 |
321 Mode Partition Noise | 71 |
322 Laser Intensity and Phase Noise | 72 |
323 Modal Noise | 73 |
324 Quantum Shot Noise | 74 |
325 Dark Current Noise | 77 |
327 Spontaneous Emission Noise | 79 |
328 Noise Beat Components | 81 |
329 Crosstalk Noise Components | 82 |
33 Signal Impairments | 84 |
332 Insertion Losses | 85 |
334 Chromatic Dispersion | 87 |
335 Polarization Mode Dispersion | 101 |
336 SelfPhase Modulation | 106 |
337 CrossPhase Modulation | 113 |
338 FourWave Mixing | 114 |
339 Stimulated Raman Scattering | 117 |
3310 Stimulated Brillouin Scattering | 120 |
34 Summary | 123 |
Assessment of the Optical Transmission Limitations and Penalties | 125 |
41 Attenuation Impact | 126 |
42 Noise Impact | 127 |
43 Modal Dispersion Impact | 130 |
44 Polarization Mode Dispersion Impact | 134 |
531 Power Penalty Due to Extinction Ratio | 160 |
532 Power Penalty Due to Intensity Noise | 161 |
533 Power Penalty Due to Timing Jitter | 164 |
534 Power Penalty Due to Signal Crosstalk | 165 |
535 Comparative Review of Power Penalties | 167 |
536 Handling of Accumulation Effects | 170 |
54 Systems Engineering and Margin Allocation | 173 |
541 Systems Engineering of PowerBudget Limited Pointto Point Lightwave Systems | 175 |
542 Systems Engineering of BandwidthLimited Pointto Point Lightwave Systems | 177 |
543 Systems Engineering for HighSpeed Optical Transmission Systems | 180 |
544 Optical Performance Monitoring | 185 |
545 ComputerBased Modeling and Systems Engineering | 187 |
55 Summary | 191 |
References | 192 |
Optical Transmission Enabling Technologies and Tradeoffs | 193 |
611 Optical Amplifiers | 194 |
612 Advanced Dispersion Compensation | 202 |
613 Advanced Modulation Schemes | 218 |
614 Advanced Detection Schemes | 228 |
615 Forward Error Correction | 231 |
616 Wavelength Conversion and Optical 3R | 235 |
62 Transmission System Engineering Tradeoffs | 241 |
621 Optical Fiber Type Selection | 242 |
622 Spectral Efficiency | 243 |
623 Chromatic Dispersion Management | 245 |
624 Optical Power Level | 246 |
625 Optical Path Length | 247 |
63 Summary | 248 |
References | 249 |
251 | |
72 Electromagnetic Field and the Wave Equation | 252 |
73 The Propagation Equation for SingleMode Optical Fiber | 255 |
74 Frequency and Wavelength of the Optical Signal | 258 |
76 Semiconductors as Basic Materials for Lasers and Photodiodes | 260 |
77 Laser Rate Equations | 265 |
78 Modulation of an Optical Signal | 267 |
710 Summary | 269 |
List of Acronyms | 271 |
About the Author | 275 |
Index | 277 |
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Common terms and phrases
addition applied attenuation band bandwidth bit rate calculated carrier channel spacing chirp parameter chromatic dispersion coding coefficient crosstalk defined dispersion compensation EDFA electric field electrons equation evaluated extinction ratio filter frequency chirp function gain Gaussian Gbps IEEE illustrated in Figure impact impairments incoming optical signal increase input intensity noise lightwave path linewidth modulation multimode optical fibers noise components nonlinear effects optical amplifiers optical channels optical frequency optical power optical receiver optical transmission systems OSNR output power p-type phase photodiode photons PIN photodiodes polarization mode power margin power per channel propagation pulse broadening pump Q-factor Raman amplifiers receiver sensitivity refractive index scheme semiconductor lasers shot noise shown in Figure signal power single-mode optical fibers soliton specified spectral spectrum spontaneous emission thermal noise tion transmission systems engineering voltage wave waveguide wavelength width