Characterization of Catalytic MaterialsCatalytic materials are essential to nearly every commercial and industrial chemical process in order to make reaction times faster and more efficient. Understanding the microstructure of such materials is essential to designing improved catalytic properties. This volume in the materials characterization series reviews the more common types characterization methods used for understanding surface and structural properties of most types of commercially used catalytic materials.
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Page 5
... tion pattern with known patterns of metals and alloys. In substitutional alloys that form a continuous series of solid solutions, the lattice spacings vary with composi- tion, as demonstrated in Figure 1.3 for a series of copper–nickel ...
... tion pattern with known patterns of metals and alloys. In substitutional alloys that form a continuous series of solid solutions, the lattice spacings vary with composi- tion, as demonstrated in Figure 1.3 for a series of copper–nickel ...
Page 6
... tion, but the recent development of “environmental” scanning electron micro- scopes has provided new opportunities to image samples while they are being heated in reactive gas atmospheres at pressures up to about 10 torr.15 The imaging ...
... tion, but the recent development of “environmental” scanning electron micro- scopes has provided new opportunities to image samples while they are being heated in reactive gas atmospheres at pressures up to about 10 torr.15 The imaging ...
Page 7
... tion and sintering. Electron diffraction studies may be performed with either stan- dard selected-area techniques or by means of highly convergent electron probes. A television camera can be connected to the microscope to directly ...
... tion and sintering. Electron diffraction studies may be performed with either stan- dard selected-area techniques or by means of highly convergent electron probes. A television camera can be connected to the microscope to directly ...
Page 8
... tion of structure images. Lattice fringe images can be recorded on photographic film or in digital form in a computer. High resolution video recorders can also be connected to the microscope for dynamic observations. From the intensity ...
... tion of structure images. Lattice fringe images can be recorded on photographic film or in digital form in a computer. High resolution video recorders can also be connected to the microscope for dynamic observations. From the intensity ...
Page 9
... tion stoichiometry in order to relate the number of gas molecules adsorbed in the monolayer with the number of surface metal atoms. For example, it is generally assumed that one Pt surface atom chemisorbs one atom of hydrogen; however ...
... tion stoichiometry in order to relate the number of gas molecules adsorbed in the monolayer with the number of surface metal atoms. For example, it is generally assumed that one Pt surface atom chemisorbs one atom of hydrogen; however ...
Contents
1 | |
17 | |
3 Bulk Metal Oxides | 47 |
4 Supported Metal Oxides | 69 |
5 Bulk Metal Sulfides | 89 |
6 Supported Metal Sulfides | 109 |
7 Zeolites and Molecular Sieves | 129 |
Methods of Preparation and Characterization | 149 |
LowEnergy Electron Diffraction LEED | 179 |
Mössbauer Spectroscopy | 180 |
Neutron Activation Analysis NAA | 181 |
Neutron Diffraction | 182 |
Physical and Chemical Adsorption for the Measurement of Solid Surface Areas | 183 |
Raman Spectroscopy | 184 |
Scanning Electron Microscopy SEM | 185 |
Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy STEM | 186 |
Technique Summaries | 165 |
Auger Electron Spectroscopy AES | 167 |
Dynamic Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry DSIMS | 168 |
Electron Energyloss Spectroscopy in the Transmission Electron Microscope EELS | 169 |
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Electron Spin Resonance | 170 |
Electron Microprobe XRay Microanalysis EPMA | 171 |
EnergyDispersive XRay Spectroscopy EDS | 172 |
Extended XRay Absorption Fine Structure EXAFS | 173 |
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy FTIR | 174 |
High Resolution Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy HREELS | 175 |
Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry ICPMS | 176 |
Inductively Coupled PlasmaOptical Emission Spectroscopy ICPOES | 177 |
Ion Scattering Spectroscopy ISS | 178 |
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Scanning Force Microscopy STM and SFM | 187 |
Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance NMR | 188 |
Static Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Static SIMS | 189 |
Temperature Programmed Techniques | 190 |
Transmission Electron Microscopy TEM | 191 |
Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy UPS | 192 |
XRay Diffraction XRD | 193 |
XRay Fluorescence XRF | 194 |
XRay Photoelectron and Auger Electron Diffraction XRD and AED | 195 |
XRay Photoelectron Spectroscopy XPS | 196 |
Index | 197 |
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Common terms and phrases
acid adsorbed adsorption alloys alumina aluminum analysis atoms beam bond bulk metal calcination Catal catalytic activity catalytic behavior catalytic materials cation Chem chemical chemical shifts chemisorption Chemistry cobalt coordination crystalline crystallites desorption determine electron microscopy elements energy EXAFS faujasites Figure function hydrogen hydrogenolysis I. E. Wachs interaction lattice layer measured metal catalysts metal oxide catalysts metal oxide overlayers metal oxide phases microporous Mo ions molecular sieves molecules molybdenum oxide monolayer coverage MoS2 Mössbauer Mössbauer spectroscopy neutron obtained oxide support oxygen particle peak photoelectron pillared clays pore powder preparation probe promoter R. R. Chianelli Raman Raman spectroscopy reaction reduced resolution ruthenium sample single crystal solid solution species spectra spectroscopy structure studies sulfides sulfur supported metal oxide surface area surface metal oxide synchrotron techniques temperature temperature-programmed thiophene tion transmission electron microscopy two-dimensional metal oxide X-ray absorption X-ray diffraction XANES zeolites