The object of arranging the words in columns, in the Black-board exercises, is to analyze the sentence before the student commences to parse it; for the mere act of placing the words in this position is the simplest plan of analysis, especially for children, that could be given; and gives the student a better opportunity of exercising his judgment in uniting the words again, according to their synthetic relation.

Analysis is placing the words in a column.

Synthesis is the reduplication of these words.

The student will be guided in doubling these words by the natural relation which they hold to each other; for each word in a sentence has some other word or words with which it naturally unites itself, independent of arbitrary rules or laws.

Let it be remembered that the separating of a sentence into words, constitutes analysis, (or etymology,) and the reunion of these words, so as to reproduce the original sentence, or to exhibit their grammatical relations, constitutes synthesis or syntax; and that a thorough knowledge of analysis and synthesis renders the scholar a finished grammarian.

It is not only desirable, but essentially necessary, that the teacher should pronounce each of these words separately, after the manner of spelling lessons, that the pupils may give it a relation by joining it to (speaking it with) some other word or words, to which it has a natural dependent relation: on the 29th page

the teacher pronounces:

"The"

"sun'

"went".

"down."

"nor"

and the pupil responds:

"The sun'

"sun went"

"sun went"

"went down."

"the sun went nor the carnage ceased."

In this way any teacher that can teach a class to spell,

can teach it grammar.

1. THE ETYMOLOGY of a word depends entirely on its HYNTAX, or relation to another word; hence, a word that has no SYNTAX can have no ETYMOLOGY : i, e., before any word becomes a part (of speech) of a sentence, it must be incorporated into that sentence of which it is a part.

2 The CASE of nouns and pronouns is that RELATION or position which they have to another word; therefore, # word having no relation to any other word, is in no Coss of position whatever; as, nominative, MAN; possesmv*, MAN's, objective, MAN. Now, the word man, as arranged above, is in no case, neither is it a “part of aph."

# A word never becomes a noun or any other part of peach by being used technically, or independent of The meaning, but by having the syntax of a noun (or other part of speech), as JouN is a scholar: Is is a verb, THEM is a pronoun, in which John, is and them become nouns by having the syntax of nouns.

1 betur had words, as arranged in the columns of epolling books and lexicons, aro no parts (of speech or) of a sentence, until they aro actually used in a sentence.

5. Every word, before it becomes a part of speech or Rentence, and before it can be parsed, must be connected to not more than two, nor less than one other word, called the single and double rolation.

Note. The interjection being a virtual sentence, has no relation, except with the vocative or case independent.

PART I.

PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE.

OF THE SUBJECT, PREDICATE, AND COMPLEMENT.

THE Philosophy of Grammar is only that relation. which exists between our ideas or modes of thinking, and the words used to express such ideas. That is, a sentence is only the embodiment of our thoughts, and affords the best and only reliable means of tracing the origin of words. The structure of a language being based on these mental operations, is, therefore, applicable to all languages, each of which is only a different method of expressing the same idea.

THOUGHTS Constitute IDEAS.

SPEECH constitutes LANGuage.

Language, derived from the Latin LINGUA, the tongue, is a succession of mental ideas expressed in words, and may be either spoken or written.

As our ideas are of different kinds, so there are different kinds or classes of words, called Parts of Speech, used to express such ideas.

In all operations of the mind, we either entertain a SINGLE IDEA,* or compare two ideas. The latter constitutes a PROPOSITION. A Proposition is, therefore, a JUDGMENT OF THE MIND, expressed in words.

* The expression of a single idea constitutes a simple sentence.

A JUDGMENT of the mind is an OPINION.

In forming an opinion, the mind naturally first suggests the SUBJECT. The quality or description of the subject is called the ATTRIBUTE.

Every subject must be in a state of existence or action; and this existence or action constitutes the PREDICATE. A sentence or proposition is formed by the union of the subject and predicate.

As a judgment of the mind consists in comparing two ideas, so a proposition must consist of three parts: 1. The being or subject; 2. The quality or attribute; and 3. A verb to join the attribute to its subject.

All words, besides the subject and predicate, found in a sentence are complements (or completements), and are joined to the subject or attribute to complete the sense. "The jessamine clambers, in flower, o'er the thatch." The, in flower, and o'er the thatch, are complements of jessamine and clambers.

To analyze is to ascertain the different parts of which a thing is composed, and to reduce any compound to its simple elements.

A SENTENCE is comprised within a period, and, in written language, terminates at a full point or stop.* Every sentence must contain, at least, one simple proposition.

PROPOSITIONS or SENTENCES are of two kinds, principal and dependent.

Every being or subject contains and concentrates within itself the qualities, the existence, the action and

*See division of sentences, page 181.

manner of acting which are afterward drawn out and expressed by other words.

GOD is the subject.

(See frontispiece.)

HATH SPOKEN is the predicate.

And every other word in the sentence is a complement of either the subject, GOD, or the predicate, HATH SPOKEN. GOD is the TRUNK; and every other word or phrase is a BRANCH of that trunk, and depends upon it for support. The relative proposition, who spake at sundry times, etc., is a dependent complement of God, and has a direct relation to that word; while the phrases, in these latter days, unto us, by his Son, are complements of, and hold a direct relation to the predicate HATH SPOKEN, and an indirect relation through that predicate to the subject God, expressing the time when, the person to whom, and the person by whom God hath spoken. Hence every word in the sentence has either a direct or indirect relation to GOD in the trunk.

All the parts of speech are determined by a process of interrogation, in which each word, successively, becomes the subject of the question.

Thus-The subject is found by interrogating the verb, as who hath spoken? answer, God. Hence, God is the subject, or nominative. To find the predicate, interrogate the subject. What hath God done? God hath spoken. Hence, hath spoken is the predicate. By a similar process of interrogation, each part of speech may be determined with precision, as it leads at once to the syntactic relation of the words.

In analyzing a sentence, you should first reduce it to simple propositions.

FIRST PROPOSITION.

The jessamine clambers in flower o'er the thatch;

SECOND PROPOSITION.

And the swallow chirps sweet from her nest in the wall.