All Or Nothing: The Axis and the Holocaust 1941-43German and Italian fascist armies in the Second World War treated the Jews quite differently. Jews who fell into the hands of the German army ended up in concentration camps; none of those taken by the Italians suffered the same fate. Yet the protectors of the Jews were no philo-Semites, nor were they (often) great respecters of human life. Some of those same officers had sanctioned savage atrocities against Ethiopians and Arabs in the years before the war. Jonathan Steinberg uses this remarkable and poignant story to unravel the motives and forces underpinning both Fascism and Nazism. As a renowned historian of both Germany and Italy, he is uniquely placed to answer the underlying question; why? |
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2a Armata 2nd Army ADAP Alexander Löhr allies Ambassador Ambrosio anti-semitic April August BA MA RH Badoglio Balkans BAMA Bastianini Berlin Bottai Brutal Friendship carabinieri Castellani Cavallero cetniks Ciano Colonel Comando Supremo concentration camps Croatian Dalmatia December diplomats documents Ducci Duce ebrei fascist February final solution forces Foreign Office France French Führer Geloso German Foreign Giuseppe Goebbels Diaries Grandi Greece Greek Gruppenführer guerra Himmler Hitler Holocaust human ibid Italian army Italian Foreign Ministry Italian Jews Italian zone Italy Italy’s January Jewish question July knew Löhr London Mackensen March Mario Roatta Milan military Minister murder Mussolini Nazi never November OB West occupied October Ortona Palazzo Pietromarchi Pirelli police political regime Reich reported Ribbentrop Rintelen Roatta Rochlitz Rome Russian Salonica save Jews September 1942 Serbs SME US DS story Supreme Command territory told troops University Press Ustaši Vichy Wehrmacht wrote York Yugoslavia