PAST.

I told him that she should not do it.

They then notified me that I could not depend on their assistance.
He said that I might draw upon him for the amount.
He would not do as he agreed.

FUTURE.

I might go with you, if I should receive certain funds that I am ex< pecting.

I would go to Europe next season, if I could believe that my health would be improved by the journey.

I should like to call on you, should I visit your part of the State.

III. The tenses of the infinitive and participial modes. Infinitive mode, present tense.

This tense is dependent on the verb with which it is connected to mark its time; and the time will be past, present, or future, as the verb with which it is connected is past, present, or future. It is, moreover, to be observed, that the time is always future with respect to this verb.

The same remark will apply to the present tense of the participial mode as was made in relation to the infinitive.

EXAMPLES.

Becoming wealthy, he retired from business.
Leaving school, he returned home.

I return, bringing with me the reward of my labors.
Relying upon your integrity, I shall comply with your request.

$67. REMARKS ON THE AUXILIARIES.

It has already been noticed, (§ 48,) that the verbs shall, will, may, can, must, do, have, and be, are frequently used before other verbs, to express variations of time, mode, and form.

The first five have no third and fourth roots. The second roots are all used as auxiliaries. Do has four roots, the first and second only being used as auxiliaries. Have has four roots, the first three being used as auxiliaries. Be has four roots, all used as auxiliaries. The first root of the principal verb may be preceded by either of the first six auxiliaries. The second root is never preceded by an auxiliary. The third root is preceded by be, and its different roots. The fourth root is preceded by be and have, and their different roots, with the exception of the fourth root of have. Shall and will indicate the indicative mode, future tense, or potential mode, present tense. (§ 53-4.) May, can, and must, indicate the potential mode, present tense. Might, could, would, should, and must, indicate the potential mode, past, present, or future tense. Do, as an auxilia y, may be used to render an expression emphatic, to supply the place. of a verb or a phrase, to form negative or interrogative propositions in the indicative mode.

EXAMPLES.

1. I do protest against such conduct.

I do wish that our success might equal our expectations.

2. I was directed to notify him of his appointment, and have done 80- (notified him of his appointment.)

They employed an agent to transact their business on the continent, and he did it.

3. We do not understand you.

He did not permit us to reply.

4. Do you intend to visit our school? Do we not need protection?

Have indicates present time; but, following an auxiliary, it takes the time of the auxiliary that it follows; also changes the fourth root of a transitive verb from the passive to the active voice, when placed immediately before it; but if been intervenes, the root remains passive. Be indicates existence, and is used before the third and fourth roots of the principal verb, to preserve their meaning.

SPECIAL REMARK.

A more simple explanation of this whole subject of auxiliaries, regards all verbs as principal verbs. The different roots that follow such as are now called auxiliaries, are verbs in the infinitive mode, without the preposition to. All analogy in the argument sustains this position. The teacher will find the method of parsing the verb, suggested by this remark, very easy.

§ 68. FORMATION OF THE DIFFERENT PERSONS.

RULE RELATING TO FIRST ROOTS.

Have is

The second person singular of the first root of all principal verbs, and of the auxiliary do, is formed by annexing st to the root; and the third person singular, by annexing s or es to the root. changed to hast and has, to form the second and third persons singular. Am is changed to art and is, to form the second and third persons singular, and to are to form the plural. May and can annex st to form the second person singular; shall and will drop the final and annex t. The plural of all principal verbs, and all auxiliaries, except be, is the same in form as the first person singular, and all verbs are unvaried in the plural. The third person singular of may, can, shall, and will, is the same as the first person. Must is invariable.

RULE RELATING TO SECOND ROOTS.

The second person singular of all second roots of all principal verbs, and all auxiliaries, with the exception of must and be, is formed by annexing st to the root. Was is changed into wast, to form the second person singular. The third person singular, and the plural, is the same as the first person singular.

REMARK 1.-The verb need, followed by an infinitive in negative propositions, is the same form in the third person singular, as in the first person.

EXAMPLES.

He need not go.

She need not be disappointed.

Need, in this construction, is an auxiliary, if we have any auxiliaries.

REMARK 2.-In sacred writings, the third person singular of principal verbs, and of the auxiliary do, ends in eth; have is changed into hath, to form the third person singular.

EXAMPLES.

Who provideth the raven his food?

Who hath given understanding to the heart?

§ 69.

USE OF THE DIFFERENT ROOTS OF THE VERB IN THE
FORMATION OF THE VARIOUS MODES AND TENSES.

By a careful review of the verb, it will be found, that from the first root is formed, in the intransitive verbs, and the active voice of transitive verbs, the present tense, in all the modes except the par. ticipial, the future indicative, past potential, and the past indicative, if it be preceded by the auxiliary did.

From the second root, is formed the past indicative.

From the third, is formed the present participial and progressive form of the verb.

From the fourth, is formed the present, past, and future perfect, indicative; present and past perfect potential; perfect infinitive; past and present perfect participial; and the entire passive voice.

NOTE. The subjunctive, being formed the same as the indicative, is not noticed in the above.

§ 70. REMARKS ON THE PASSIVE VOICE.

1. The passive voice was defined, (§ 18,) to be a verb that de scribes its recipient, and is followed by the agent connected to the verb by the preposition by. But, by numerous examples, it has been seen, that the agent may be omitted upon the usual principle of ellip sis. ( 45.) There are, however, a few verbs, reflexive in their use, that will not admit the insertion of the agent at all, when used in the passive. The following definition and examples will illustrate:

DEFINITION.-A verb expressing the operations of the intelligence that terminate on the speaker, is called a reflexive verb.

EXAMPLES.

I am prepared for any emergency.

They are inclined to take the opposite side.
We are acquainted with him.

I am disposed to think favorably of his proposals

2. There is a class of verbs that are frequently followed by prepositions that form a constituent part of the verb. The substantive following is the recipient, and not the consequent, of the preposition. When these verbs are changed to the passive, the preposition still occupies its position after the passive root.. The preposition compounded with the verb is, usually, placed before the verb; but in the English language, it is sometimes placed before and sometimes after.