The remarks made on which and what, apply to their compounds, by omitting the first and second made on which.

EXERCISES.

1. Parse all the conjunctive adjective pronouns in all the examples given in § 41 and § 42; 2. parse all the nouns and verbs; 3. analyze each proposition; 4. write examples in imitation.

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§ 43. INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.

DEFINITION.-An interrogative pronoun is a pronoun used in asking a question.

SPECIFICATION.-Who is the only pronoun used for this purpose; but the interrogative adjectives which and what, when the nouns which they modify are omitted, may be classed with who as interrogative pronouns.

REMARK 1.-Who, in its interrogative, as well as in its conjunctive sense, always refers to persons; which and what, in their interrogative sense, may refer to persons or things.

REMARK 2.-Who, as an interrogative, is used in the nominative, possessive, and objective cases; which and what, in the nominative and objective.

EXAMPLES.

Who can hide himself?

Which must be done first?

What is wanted?

Which will serve your purpose?

What is to save us from the abuse of power?
Who has come?

Who could resist such an appeal?

What is left for us to do?

Who may bear up against the strong man?

Who have shown themselves the advocates of order?

Who goes a warfare at his own expense?

Who, that has the spirit of a man, would contend with an angry debater?

Who is disappointed?

REMARK 3.-The regular place for the interrogative pronoun, is at the head of the proposition to which it belongs. Hence, notice the following particulars:

(1.) When the interrogative is explanatory of a substantive that is the subject of an intransitive verb, the pronoun is placed before the verb, and the nominative to the verb follows the verb.

EXAMPLES.

Who is she? (That is, she is who or what?)

Who are thine accusers?

What is the demand?

(2.) When the interrogative, in the objective case,

of a verb, it still stands at the head of a proposition.

EXAMPLES.

is the recipient

Whom do you want?

What has he accomplished?

What means this martial array ?

What would she have?

Whom should we leave?

Which shall I bring?
Whom did you see?

What did I hear?

Whom must we invite ?
What do you wish?

(3.) When the interrogative is in the objective case, depending on a preposition to connect it to the word it modifies, it should be pre

ceded by the preposition. Good writers, however, sometimes place the preposition after the noun modified, thus separating particles.

EXAMPLES.

For whom did he inquire?
For what has he come?

In whom should we confide?
After what do you run?

To whom should the fault be attributed?
In favor of whom was the draft drawn?
Upon whom does the censure rest?

In what does the error consist?

NOTE.-These three divisions embrace a statement of the usual construction; particular deviations from them there are, but such deviations will be noticed in their proper place.

REMARK 4.-The construction of the interrogative whose, possessive of who, contains nothing peculiar. The following examples will show its use:

By whose authority is this done?

In whose employ have you been engaged?

Across whose lot did it pass?

Whose favor shall I secure, that I may accomplish my object?

Whose judgment would not affirm this?

Whose beast have you in your possession?

Through whose influence can this be best accomplished?

That is whose business other than my own?

Do you seek a house whose maker and builder is God?
Upon whose benevolence do you live?

EXERCISES.

ORAL.-1. Parse the interrogative pronouns in all the examples under this division of pronouns. Thus, who is an interrogative pronoun, representing the person spoken of, with which it must agree in the third person, singular, masculine gender, and in the nominative case to can know. (Give the rule.)

2. Parse the other substantives and verbs.

3. Analyze all the sentences.

WRITTEN AND ORAL.-Write as many examples as your teacher may direct, and parse and analyze as before

4. Rule, in accordance with the case that points out the relation to other words.

$45. FRAGMENTARY PROPOSITIONS. (ELLIPSIS.)

DEFINITION.-A fragmentary proposition is one in which there is an ellipsis of a word or phrase, which is readily suggested to the mind by the context, or some circumstance connected with the proposition.

REMARK 1.-It is a universal principle of language, to use just words sufficient to convey, with precision and perspicuity, the affirmations of our own intelligence to the minds of others.

The use of more than sufficient for this purpose, constitutes redundancy; the use of less, will produce obscurity.

NOTE. It is not intended by this remark, that our thoughts are always to be expressed in the fewest words possible. We are at liberty to dress up whatever we wish to communicate, in such language as shall produce the strongest and most vivid impression; but each proposition should embrace no redundant words, nor should there be any redundant propositions. Every stroke of the brush should add something to the canvas, or the brush should not be used.

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EXAMPLES WHERE THE ELLIPSIS IS SUPPLIED FROM THE CONTEXT.

You have done as you should not (have done.)

Man may dismiss compassion from his heart, but God will never (dismiss compassion from his heart.)

Mortals, whose pleasures are their only care,

First wish to be imposed on, and then are (imposed on.) They look on nature's (course) and on fortune's course.

Show men dutiful?

(Do men show themselves dutiful?)

Why so didst thou (show thyself dutiful?)

Has he your confidence? Yes,

Did you see him? No,

Will he marry her? Never,

Does he owe you anything?

Nothing,

Was you aware of the difficulty? I was not

Are they ready? They are

EXAMPLES IN WHICH THE ELLIPSIS EMPLOYED IS SUGGESTED BY THE CIRCUMSTANCES, THE OCCASION, &c.

Good morning. (I wish you a good morning.)
Adieu. (I will bid you adieu.)

Farewell, &c.

The title pages of books, the inscription on tomb-stones, the back. ing of letters, &c., furnish us with an immense variety of frag mentary propositions.

RULE OF PUNCTUATION.

The omission of a conjunction, or a verb, if it come between other words, must be marked by a comma.

EXAMPLES.

The quiet, snug home, is the joy of a German.

The rude, wild prospect, was soon lost in the distance.

A small, narrow stream, coursed its way across my father's plantation.

Our thoughts should be many; our words, few.

§ 46. CLASSIFICATION OF COMPOUND SENTENCES.

REMARK 1.-Compound sentences are made up of propositions (13) either entire or fragmentary.

SPECIFICATION. The propositions composing a compound sentence, are primary, secondary, or correlative.